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• W1573152477 abstract "INTRODUCTION A considerable body of research on distance learning suggests that there is no significant difference in achievement levels between online learners and offline learners (E.G., The Institute for Higher Education Policy (1999), Chamberlin (2001) and Yin et. al. (2002)). However, online learners and offline learners may perform differently due to differences in student perception, available learning tools, use of the learning tools, and other technical issues. (See Barker (2002), Beard et. al. (2002), Dunbar (2004), Kendall (2001), Lightner et. al. (2001), Perreault et. al. (2002), Schulman et. al. (1999), Schwartzman et. al. (2002), and Woods (2002)) Furthermore, many previous studies suggest that student performances can be affected by student characteristics such as gender, age, educational experience, and motivation. (E.G., Sullivan (2001), Younger (1999)) Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine whether there exist any systematic differences in the effects of student characteristics on student performances as measured by test scores between online courses and offline courses. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: first, sample data descriptions are discussed the next section, which is followed by discussions on data analyses and their results. Concluding remarks are made in the final section. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS Sample data are collected from students who took undergraduate accounting courses offered through online as well as offline at California State University-San Bernardino during the three years from fall 2003 to spring 2005. Both online and offline classes were taught by the same instructor who used Blackboard as a web-based learning assistance tool. The same textbook was used and the same lecture notes for each chapter developed by the instructor were provided to students in both classes. Exams for on line and off line classes are developed by the instructor in such a way that exams for on line classes are equivalent to those for off line classes. All exams were proctored and graded by the same instructor. Student performance data such as test scores and GPA are collected from the course instructor or the university database, while student demographic data such as gender, age, commuting distance and working hours are from survey questionnaires to the student sample. After deleting students with insufficient data, the final data of 91 students (54 online learners and 37 offline learners) are analyzed in this study. The descriptive statistics for the characteristics variables are presented in Table 1. There are no significant differences in gender compositions, marital status, GPA, and performance (test scores) between on line learners and their matching off line learners. On the other hand, significant differences exist in age, commuting distance, and working hours between on line learners and off line learners. As expected, students taking online courses are older, commute longer distance and work more hours than those taking offline courses. Table 2 shows the correlations among student characteristics. Online sample exhibits significant positive correlation between commuting distance and working hours. For offline sample, distance has significantly positive correlations with marital status as well as working hours, which is also positively correlated with marital status. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Univariate Analyses: Mean Difference Comparisons In order to conduct unvariate comparison analyses, all sample students are divided into two subgroups for each characteristics variable: i.e., Low GPA and High GPA. For each sample (online or offline), students with higher GPA than the sample median GPA belong to High GPA group, while students with lower GPA than the sample median GPA to Low GPA group. Same procedure was applied to other variables. The potential effects of student characteristics on performances were then examined by comparing test scores between these two groups. …" @default.
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• W1573152477 date "2009-05-01" @default.
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• W1573152477 title "Differential Effects of Student Characteristics on Performance: Online Vis-a-Vis Offline Accounting Courses" @default.
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