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• W1573586884 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION The Americas in the 1990s are witnessing a gradual, possibly irreversible, transformation of sovereignty on the issues of human rights and democracy.(1) In this essay, I discuss this transformation and reconceptualization of sovereignty, and argue that it is consistent with a long tradition of Inter-American legal thought and political action. Although the regional legal thought is primarily associated with a strong defense of sovereignty and non-intervention, Latin American legal scholars, policy makers, and activists have long been at the forefront of the struggle for international human rights and democracy.(2) It is important to keep these precursors in mind when considering the current situation regarding the promotion of human rights and the defense of democracy in the hemisphere. In this sense, we can see the developments of the 1990s not as an unusual break with the past, but rather a resurrection of ideals and concerns present in Inter-American debates for many years, but without majority support. II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOVEREIGNTY Traditionally, the doctrine of state sovereignty espoused that the state has complete and exclusive power within its jurisdiction, subordinate to no law other than its own.(3) Thus, international activities to promote human rights and democracy contradict a core premise of traditional sovereignty which states that a state behave[s] toward its own citizens in its own territory [is] a matter of `domestic jurisdiction,' i.e., not any one else's business and therefore not any business for international law.(4) Sovereignty is a set of forceful claims concerning the extent of state authority, and represent[s] shared understandings and expectations that are constantly reinforced both through the practices of states and the practices of nonstate actors.(5) As the preceding of states and the practices of nonstate actors.(5) As the preceding paragraph suggests, I write as a political scientist, not as a student of international law. As a social scientist, I am less concerned about what the law says, per se, and more concerned about what states and non-state actors say and do. Their statements and actions in the area of human rights, democracy, and non-intervention are the basis of my discussion. Contrary to some social scientists, however, I take law very seriously, as both a crystallization of state expectations, and a vehicle for transforming state understandings and practice. Human rights law offers a concrete example of the power of law to transform state behavior. Neither the practice nor the doctrine of internal sovereignty has ever been absolute -- state political leaders have always face some international constraints on how they can treat their own subjects.(6) Nevertheless, shared understandings, expectations, and practices of states and non-state actors concerning the protection of human rights and the promotion of democracy have changed significantly in the last two decades when compared to traditional understandings of sovereignty. The time period of World War II demonstrated a moral flaw in the concept of sovereignty. That is, in cases where the state itself posed the primary threat to the well-being of citizens, the citizens had nowhere to turn for recourse or protection.(7) This flaw has long been recognized by Latin American government leaders.(8) Orestes Ferrara y Marino, a member of the Cuban delegation to the Sixth International Conference of American States in 1928, warned [i]f we declare in absolute terms that intervention is under no circumstances possible, we will be sanctioning all the inhuman acts committed within determined frontiers....(9) In the Americas, this moral flaw became glaringly apparent during the repressive military regimes many Latin American countries experienced in the 1970s and 1980s.(10) III. THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW If sovereignty is understood to be a shared set of understandings and expectations about the authority of the state, and is reinforced by practices, then a change in sovereignty will inevitably occur by transforming these understandings and practices. …" @default.
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• W1573586884 title "Reconceptualizing sovereignty in the Americas: historical precursors and currente practices" @default.
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