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- W1574366698 abstract "In natural ecosystems plants continuously face the presence of other living organisms such as pathogens and pests (Figure 1A) and this interaction is complex (Mithofer et al. 2009). Among others, plants have developed a sophisticated system to deal with challenges coming along with herbivores. Plants perceive herbivore-derived physical (mechanical wounding) and chemical cues, such as elicitors in insects’ oral secretions and in oviposition fluid, which are collectively referred to as herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) (Mithofer et al. 2008). In order to defend themselves against insect herbivores, plants dramatically reshape their transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes (Wu et al. 2010). Phytohormones, anti-herbivore secondary metabolites like alkaloids and proteins with antinutritional properties are produced by the plant to deal with diverse environmental stresses (Mithofer and Boland 2012). Those defensive compounds from the plant can act as toxins, target physiological processes in the insect and thus affect insect survival. One of the most popular examples is that of the alkaloid nicotine, which is produced in tobacco plants. Nicotine acts as an acetylcholine receptor agonist and is highly toxic to herbivores (Steppuhn et al. 2004; Mithofer and Boland 2012). Plant defense response against herbivory is tightly coordinated by a network of interacting phytohormones, in particular jasmonic acid (JA) dependent signaling pathways. Jasmonates represent a family of jasmonic acid derivatives that regulate plant response to biotic stress as well as growth and development. Jasmonic acid is synthesized from an unsaturated fatty acid, linolenic acid. Synthesis of JA is initiated with the three step conversion of linolenic acid to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). OPDA then undergoes a reduction and three rounds of β-oxidation to form (+)-7-iso-JA. JA is further conjugated to the amino acid, isoleucine (Ile) to form the bioactive form JA-Ile, (+)-7iso-Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine. Bioactive JA-Ile further binds to jasmonate receptor COI1. This F-box protein, coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1), is a component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and mediates jasmonate signaling by degradation of JA transcriptional repressor JAZ proteins. JAZ degradation relieves the repression of transcription factor MYC2 which in turn activates JA-responsive genes (Fonseca et al. 2009). Although much is known about downstream JA pathways, the initial recognition process in plant-herbivore interactions and the mediating signal transduction pathways connecting it to downstream defense induction are less understood." @default.
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- W1574366698 date "2012-12-19" @default.
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- W1574366698 title "Calmodulin-like proteins, CMLs: New players in plant defense regulation?" @default.
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