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• W1574604414 abstract "When we ask how morality relates to contract, we might have three questions in mind. One concerns the basis of contract law. Do its standard doctrines have anything to do with morality? A second is about paternalism. Is it right or proper for a state to interfere on moral grounds with contracts voluntarily entered into? A third concerns ethics. What moral standards, as distinguished from legal rules, should private parties respect when they make and enforce contracts? These questions are intertwined. I have written about the first of them elsewhere. (1) I have discussed the third briefly in an essay on business ethics. (2) Here, I will consider the second. I. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS As in dealing with the other two questions, I will be drawing on the ideas of writers in the Aristotelian philosophical tradition. Perhaps the most significant was the thirteenth century theologian and philosopher, Thomas Aquinas. Others lived during a neo-Thomist revival in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century and belonged to a school which historians call the scholastics. (3) Leading members were Domingo de Soto (1494-1560), Luis de Molina (1535-1600), and Leonard Lessius (1554-1623). (4) Their intellectual project was to synthesize Roman law with the ideas of Aristotle and Aquinas. (5) Roman private law, as has often been said, treated particular problems with great subtlety but had no general theory. (6) Roman public law was less subtle. It was based on the principle that all legitimate authority came, directly or indirectly, from the Emperor. (7) As I have described elsewhere, the late scholastics gave Roman private law a theory and a systematic doctrinal structure for the first time. (8) They also dismissed Roman claims about the Emperor's authority arguing, on Aristotelian grounds, that since man is a political animal, every society can establish its own government. (9) Indeed, every society can reconstitute that government if its leaders subvert the ends for which government is established. (10) In the seventeenth century, many of the conclusions of the late scholastics were borrowed and disseminated throughout Europe by the founders of the northern natural law school, Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) and Samuel Pufendorf (1632-1694), paradoxically, at the very time that the Aristotelian philosophical tradition was falling from favor. (11) I have tried to show elsewhere that ideas drawn from that tradition are more helpful than those of modern philosophers in understanding contract law. Here, I will begin by describing some key ideas that bear, as we shall see, on the question of when the state should interfere with voluntary private arrangements. Some people may regard these ideas as matters of common sense even though they have no commitments to Aristotelian philosophy and are not used to the Aristotelian vocabulary in which these ideas are expressed. Others may have serious objections. Such objections cannot be brushed aside or easily answered. For that very reason, they cannot be addressed here. The question here must be limited and hypothetical: supposing, as I have argued elsewhere, that these older ideas are helpful in understanding contract law, what are their implications for state interference with contracts? Even one skeptical of the value of the Aristotelian tradition might find that question interesting. He might even be less skeptical after seeing its implications. A person who was not skeptical would be still more interested in where these ideas lead. For some modern thinkers, the choices a person makes matter because he will choose what he most prefers. (12) The satisfaction of his preferences is deemed to be desirable, whatever they may be. (13) Other modern thinkers believe that choices matter because they are an expression of individual freedom which no one has the right to override. (14) In contrast, in the Aristotelian tradition, choices matter because of the contribution they make to a good life, a life that realizes, so far as possible, one's potential as a human being. …" @default.
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• W1574604414 date "2007-04-01" @default.
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• W1574604414 title "Morality and Contract: The Question of Paternalism" @default.
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