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• W1575375500 abstract "INTRODUCTION Prosecuting those who are alleged to have posed threats to national security presents unique challenges to the legal system, challenges that American jurisprudence frequently appears inadequately equipped to meet. As a result of both the secretive nature of many anti-government and terrorist organizations as well as the difficulty of identifying the exact nature of the threats such groups pose, the government often resorts to the charge of conspiracy when indicting these cases. This practice has resulted in the gradual expansion of the doctrine of conspiracy, most notably in the wake of heightened national security threats. (1) The conspiracy charge is an especially malleable one and represents something of an anomaly in our system of criminal jurisprudence, which generally affords individuals stringent protections in the face of potential abrogation of their liberty. (2) Although the subject of much criticism, the crime of conspiracy has an established, and undoubtedly warranted, place in American jurisprudence. (3) The purpose of this Note is not to challenge the doctrine of conspiracy as a whole or even to question the specific factors presumed to define the parameters of a conspiracy in the prosecutorial context. Instead, the discussion will revolve around two relatively discrete eras of heightened political and social concerns in American history--the McCarthy Era and the modern, post-9/11 era--and the implications of those concerns for the scope of conspiracy charges made in cases that were emblematic of the particular sensitivities of their respective eras. Through an examination of these two eras, in which political and social pressures coalesced in highly charged prosecutions, this Note will show that because the doctrine of conspiracy is so readily adaptable, it has the potential to become perverted and unduly expanded when political and social stresses are placed upon it. Conspiracy's central weakness--the potentially over-expansive reach of its scope--creates a quagmire into which events involving political and social threats to national security inevitably become entangled. As Justice Jackson noted in his concurring opinion to Krulewitch v. United States, [t]he crime comes down to us wrapped in vague but unpleasant connotations. It sounds historical undertones of treachery, secret plotting and violence on a scale that menaces social stability and the security of the state itself.... Conspiratorial movements do indeed lie back of the political assassination, the coup d'etat, the putsch, the revolution, and seizures of power in modern times, as they have in all history. (4) Jackson's candid acknowledgment of the political component of the impetus behind conspiracy law exposes a critical flaw in the system--that it allows courts to give in to the strong temptation to relax rigid standards when it seems the only way to sustain convictions of evildoers. (5) Almost from its inception, the crime of conspiracy has been subject to flagrant abuse. Originally conceived as a method to curb abuse of the legal system, (6) it ballooned into an almost unrecognizable version of its rather humble, and strictly limited, beginnings. It failed to withstand the reactionary pressures against the Strict Law in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, during which it was transmogrified into a shadowy specter of its former, neatly defined self. (7) In particular, during this period the doctrine of conspiracy failed to ward off evidentiary encroachment, specifically, the admission of acts that are not otherwise criminal into a conspiracy trial. (8) This expansion is one of the more troubling aspects of this doctrine. In more recent judicial memory the law of conspiracy has been the subject of what amounts to a virtual revolution in thought. Conspiracies today are often massive, hulking entities encompassing a broad spectrum of actors, acts, and localities. …" @default.
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• W1575375500 date "2004-12-01" @default.
• W1575375500 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1575375500 title "Conspiracy Theory: The Use of the Conspiracy Doctrine in Times of National Crisis" @default.
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