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• W1576873243 abstract "Adenoviruses are nonenveloped, lytic double-stranded DNA viruses typically associated in immunocompetent patients with self-limited respiratory, gastrointestinal or conjunctival disease throughout the year (1Ruuskanen O Meurman O Akusjarvi G Adenoviruses.in: Richman DD Whitley RJ Hayden FG Clinical virology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C2002: 515-535Google Scholar). Adenovirus infections are endemic in pediatric populations and people living in close quarters (such as college students and military recruits; Ref. 1Ruuskanen O Meurman O Akusjarvi G Adenoviruses.in: Richman DD Whitley RJ Hayden FG Clinical virology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C2002: 515-535Google Scholar). Although even in organ transplant recipients these infections may be asymptomatic, as with other infections in immunocompromised patients, adenovirus infections can be severe, prolonged, disseminated, and impact morbidity, mortality and graft survival (2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar,3Hoffman JA Adenovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients.Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009; 14: 625-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Adenoviruses are classified into seven subgroups (A–G) based on hemagglutination properties, DNA homology and oncogenic potential in rodents, that can be further divided in 52 distinct serotypes on the basis of neutralization by specific animal antisera (2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar). There are different genotypes that can be distinguished within the same serotype (2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar). Several serotypes, particularly from subgroup C, are capable of inducing a latent infection. T lymphocytes from tonsils and adenoids, as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asymptomatic adults, have been found to harbor viral DNA, which may serve as the source of reactivation during immunosuppressive states. The presence of viral DNA in pediatric specimens peaks in early childhood (age 2 years) and then declines (2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar,4Garnett CT Erdman D Xu W Gooding LR Prevalence and quantitation of species C adenovirus DNA in human mucosal lymphocytes.J Virol. 2002; 76: 10608-10616Crossref PubMed Scopus (249) Google Scholar,5Leung AY Chan M Cheng VC Yuen KY Kwong YL Quantification of adenovirus in the lower respiratory tract of patients without clinical adenovirus-related respiratory.disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40: 1541-1544Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar). Adenovirus infections can be acquired de novo, or through reactivation of a latent infection of the recipient or from the transplanted organ (6Pinchoff RJ Kaufman SS Magid MS et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplantation recipients.Transplantation. 2003; 76: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). Transmission of adenovirus occurs by the respiratory route via infected aerosols, person-to-person contact, fomites or by the fecal–oral route (1Ruuskanen O Meurman O Akusjarvi G Adenoviruses.in: Richman DD Whitley RJ Hayden FG Clinical virology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C2002: 515-535Google Scholar). Nosocomial transmission has been suggested among hospitalized solid organ transplant recipients infected with common serotypes (6Pinchoff RJ Kaufman SS Magid MS et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplantation recipients.Transplantation. 2003; 76: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar, 7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar, 8McLaughlin GE Delis S Kashimawo L et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver and intestinal transplant recipients: Utility of DNA detection by PCR.Am J Transplant. 2003; 3: 224-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar). Diagnosis of adenovirus disease early in the posttransplant course suggests that the infection is reactivating from the recipient or acquired from the donated organ (6Pinchoff RJ Kaufman SS Magid MS et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplantation recipients.Transplantation. 2003; 76: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar,9Ohori NP Michaels MG Jaffe R Williams P Yousem SA Adenovirus pneumonia in lung transplant recipients.Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1073-1079Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar). Detection of adenovirus by PCR in the myocardium of pediatric heart transplant recipients without evidence of acute infection is additional evidence that transplanted organs could be the source of latent virus (10Shirali GS Ni J Chinnock RE et al.Association of viral genome with graft loss in children after cardiac transplantation.N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1498-1503Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar). Although there is no consensus on the definitions of adenovirus infection and disease, we propose the following definitions, as they have been used in other studies. Asymptomatic adenovirus infection is defined as detection of adenovirus in patients from stool, blood, urine, or upper airway specimens (by viral culture, antigen tests, or PCR) in the absence of signs and symptoms (11Ljungman P Ribaud P Eyrich M et al.Cidofovir for adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A survey by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003; 31: 481-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar). Adenovirus disease is defined as the presence of attributable organ signs and symptoms combined with adenovirus detection in the biopsy specimens (immunohistochemical stain) or from bronchoalveolar lavage and cerebrospinal fluid (culture, antigen detection, or PCR), in the absence of another diagnosis (2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar,11Ljungman P Ribaud P Eyrich M et al.Cidofovir for adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A survey by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003; 31: 481-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar). Adenovirus disease is considered disseminated if two or more organs are involved, not including viremia (2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar,12Suparno C Milligan DW Moss PA Mautner V Adenovirus infections in stem cell transplant recipients: Recent developments in understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.Leuk Lymphoma. 2004; 45: 873-885Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar). The ability of adenovirus to establish latency may lead to challenges in the interpretation of the presence of DNA in clinical specimens. The true incidence of adenovirus infection is unclear, mainly because asymptomatic infection and disease are not always reported separately. Adenovirus appears to be more commonly isolated in pediatric than adult solid organ transplant recipients, probably reflecting the epidemiology of adenovirus infections in children (3Hoffman JA Adenovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients.Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009; 14: 625-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar,13Michaels MG Green M Wald ER Starzl TE Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients.J Infect Dis. 1992; 165: 170-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar,14McGrath D Falagas ME Freeman R et al.Adenovirus infection in adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients: Incidence and clinical significance.J Infect Dis. 1998; 177: 459-462Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). Most studies demonstrate diagnosis of infection within the first few months in all posttransplantation populations. The incidence of adenovirus infections among pediatric solid organ transplant recipients was found to be at 6.25% in a retrospective study, liver transplant recipients accounting for a significant proportion of cases (57%), followed by heart (32%) and kidney (11%) transplant recipients (15de Mezerville MH Tellier R Richardson S Hebert D Doyle J Allen U Adenoviral infections in pediatric transplant recipients: A hospital-based study. Pediatr.Infect Dis J. 2006; 25: 815-818Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar). The rate of adenovirus infections after pediatric liver transplantation has ranged from 3.5% to 38%, with the infections being diagnosed at a median of 0.85–1 months after transplantation (range 0.13–29.6 months; Refs. 8McLaughlin GE Delis S Kashimawo L et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver and intestinal transplant recipients: Utility of DNA detection by PCR.Am J Transplant. 2003; 3: 224-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar,13Michaels MG Green M Wald ER Starzl TE Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients.J Infect Dis. 1992; 165: 170-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar,16Koneru B Jaffe R Esquivel CO et al.Adenoviral infections in pediatric liver transplant recipients.JAMA. 1987; 258: 489-492Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar,17Engelmann G Heim A Greil J et al.Adenovirus infection and treatment with cidofovir in children after liver transplantation.Pediatr Transplant. 2009; 13: 421-428Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). The incidence in pediatric lung and heart–lung transplant recipients has been reported between 7% and 50%, infections being diagnosed mainly in the first few months after transplantation (9Ohori NP Michaels MG Jaffe R Williams P Yousem SA Adenovirus pneumonia in lung transplant recipients.Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1073-1079Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar,18Bridges ND Spray TL Collins MH Bowles NE Towbin JA Adenovirus infection in the lung results in graft failure after lung transplantation.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 116: 617-623Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 19Doan ML Mallory GB Kaplan SL et al.Treatment of adenovirus pneumonia with cidofovir in pediatric lung transplant recipients.J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007; 26: 883-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar, 20Liu M Worley S Arrigain S et al.Respiratory viral infections within one year after pediatric lung transplant.Transpl Infect Dis. 2009; 11: 304-312Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar, 21Liu M Mallory GB Schecter MG et al.Long-term impact of respiratory viral infection after pediatric lung transplantation.Pediatr Transplant. 2010; 14: 431-436Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar). Adenovirus infection has also been found at high rates (incidence of 4.3–57.1%) after pediatric intestinal or multivisceral transplantation, with median occurrence of 1.6 months after transplantation, and the majority of cases being diagnosed in the first 6 months posttransplantation (6Pinchoff RJ Kaufman SS Magid MS et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplantation recipients.Transplantation. 2003; 76: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar,8McLaughlin GE Delis S Kashimawo L et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver and intestinal transplant recipients: Utility of DNA detection by PCR.Am J Transplant. 2003; 3: 224-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar,22Parizhskaya M Walpusk J Mazariegos G Jaffe R Enteric adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2001; 4: 122-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar,23Florescu DF Islam MK Mercer DF et al.Adenovirus infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.Transplantation. 2010; 90: 198-200Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). In a recent study of adult liver, heart, kidney and kidney–pancreas transplant recipients, 7.2% of the recipients developed transient self-limited adenovirus viremia in the first year posttransplant; 79% recipients were asymptomatic, while 10.5% had gastrointestinal symptoms (predominantly diarrhea) and 10.5% respiratory symptoms (7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar). A single retrospective study reported a 5.8% incidence of adenovirus infection in adult liver transplant recipients, of which 36% had asymptomatic infection and 64% developed adenovirus disease (14McGrath D Falagas ME Freeman R et al.Adenovirus infection in adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients: Incidence and clinical significance.J Infect Dis. 1998; 177: 459-462Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). In this study, the mean time to the initial detection of adenovirus was 2.2 months posttransplantation (range 0.1–6 months; Ref. 14McGrath D Falagas ME Freeman R et al.Adenovirus infection in adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients: Incidence and clinical significance.J Infect Dis. 1998; 177: 459-462Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). In kidney transplant recipients, for unclear reasons, adenovirus infections are more commonly reported in the adult population, with incidence rates of 4.1%, with a median time to infection of 1.25 months (range 0.5–75 months; Ref. 24Watcharananan SP Avery R Ingsathit A et al.Adenovirus disease after kidney transplantation: Course of infection and outcome in relation to blood viral load and immune recovery.Am J Transplant. 2011; 11: 1308-1314Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar). In adult lung transplant recipients, adenovirus infection has a high incidence, 22.5% in one report, in which the majority of the infections (78%) were asymptomatic, and only a minority of patients developed self-limited flu-like illness (25Humar A Doucette K Kumar D et al.Assessment of adenovirus infection in adult lung transplant recipients using molecular surveillance.J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006; 25: 1441-1446Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar). Severe and fatal adenoviral infections have been reported in adult lung transplant recipients (9Ohori NP Michaels MG Jaffe R Williams P Yousem SA Adenovirus pneumonia in lung transplant recipients.Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1073-1079Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar,18Bridges ND Spray TL Collins MH Bowles NE Towbin JA Adenovirus infection in the lung results in graft failure after lung transplantation.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 116: 617-623Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar). Very few cases of adenovirus infections have been reported in adult intestinal transplantation (26Ziring D Tran R Edelstein S et al.Infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: Incidence, timing, and outcome.Transplantation. 2005; 79: 702-709Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). Data regarding the risk factors for adenovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients are emerging. Young children, under 5 years, are at increased risk of infection, likely because they are immunologically naïve and have higher exposure (3Hoffman JA Adenovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients.Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009; 14: 625-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar,14McGrath D Falagas ME Freeman R et al.Adenovirus infection in adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients: Incidence and clinical significance.J Infect Dis. 1998; 177: 459-462Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar,20Liu M Worley S Arrigain S et al.Respiratory viral infections within one year after pediatric lung transplant.Transpl Infect Dis. 2009; 11: 304-312Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar). Age has been found to be an independent risk factor for adenovirus infection, with a 19% increase in the risk of adenovirus infection for every year decrease in age (23Florescu DF Islam MK Mercer DF et al.Adenovirus infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.Transplantation. 2010; 90: 198-200Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar). The type of the transplanted organ appears to correlate with the risk of adenovirus infections. The highest rates in children have been reported in intestinal transplantation. The large amount of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the allograft poses a higher risk of rejection requiring more intense immunosuppressive regimens, and could be also be the source of persistent latent adenovirus infections (3Hoffman JA Adenovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients.Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009; 14: 625-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar,6Pinchoff RJ Kaufman SS Magid MS et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplantation recipients.Transplantation. 2003; 76: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar,8McLaughlin GE Delis S Kashimawo L et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver and intestinal transplant recipients: Utility of DNA detection by PCR.Am J Transplant. 2003; 3: 224-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar,22Parizhskaya M Walpusk J Mazariegos G Jaffe R Enteric adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2001; 4: 122-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar,23Florescu DF Islam MK Mercer DF et al.Adenovirus infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.Transplantation. 2010; 90: 198-200Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar,26Ziring D Tran R Edelstein S et al.Infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: Incidence, timing, and outcome.Transplantation. 2005; 79: 702-709Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar,27Berho M Torroella M Viciana A et al.Adenovirus enterocolitis in human small bowel transplants.Pediatr Transplant. 1998; 2: 277-282PubMed Google Scholar). The common recognition of resolution of infection with reduction in immunotherapy alone, supports the role of immunosuppression as a risk factor for adenovirus infection (3Hoffman JA Adenovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients.Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009; 14: 625-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Further, the rate of adenovirus infections is the highest in the first months after transplantation, correlating with exposure to lytic antibodies therapy (OKT3, thymoglobulin) and higher levels of maintenance immunosuppression therapy during these months (13Michaels MG Green M Wald ER Starzl TE Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients.J Infect Dis. 1992; 165: 170-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar,23Florescu DF Islam MK Mercer DF et al.Adenovirus infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.Transplantation. 2010; 90: 198-200Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar,24Watcharananan SP Avery R Ingsathit A et al.Adenovirus disease after kidney transplantation: Course of infection and outcome in relation to blood viral load and immune recovery.Am J Transplant. 2011; 11: 1308-1314Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar). Use of adenovirus sero-mismatch has also been considered to be a risk factor for infection (2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar,28Ison MG Adenovirus infections in transplant recipients.Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43: 331-339Crossref PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar). Several risk factors could increase the risk of progression of asymptomatic infection to adenovirus disease: isolation of the virus early after transplantation, persistent isolation of the virus from one site, isolation of the virus from more than one site, initial high viral load in blood and intensification of immunosuppression (6Pinchoff RJ Kaufman SS Magid MS et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplantation recipients.Transplantation. 2003; 76: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar,8McLaughlin GE Delis S Kashimawo L et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver and intestinal transplant recipients: Utility of DNA detection by PCR.Am J Transplant. 2003; 3: 224-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar,24Watcharananan SP Avery R Ingsathit A et al.Adenovirus disease after kidney transplantation: Course of infection and outcome in relation to blood viral load and immune recovery.Am J Transplant. 2011; 11: 1308-1314Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar). However, in adult solid organ transplant recipients, asymptomatic viremia is common (6.5–22.5%) and the risk of progression to adenoviral disease is still to be defined (7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar,25Humar A Doucette K Kumar D et al.Assessment of adenovirus infection in adult lung transplant recipients using molecular surveillance.J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006; 25: 1441-1446Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar); routine screening for adenovirus DNAemia is not recommended for solid organ transplant recipients (III) (28Ison MG Adenovirus infections in transplant recipients.Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43: 331-339Crossref PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar). Clinical manifestations vary with the sites affected and the type of transplanted organ; the allograft is frequently involved. Certain clinical diseases are associated with specific serotypes (Table 1). In liver transplant recipients, infection with adenovirus commonly results in hepatitis, other sites affected including gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and urinary tract (8McLaughlin GE Delis S Kashimawo L et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver and intestinal transplant recipients: Utility of DNA detection by PCR.Am J Transplant. 2003; 3: 224-228Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar,13Michaels MG Green M Wald ER Starzl TE Adenovirus infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients.J Infect Dis. 1992; 165: 170-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar,14McGrath D Falagas ME Freeman R et al.Adenovirus infection in adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients: Incidence and clinical significance.J Infect Dis. 1998; 177: 459-462Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). In lung transplant recipients, adenovirus can produce various manifestations from acute flu-like illness, diffuse alveolar damage or necrotizing pneumonia and chronic changes such as bronchiolitis obliterans, interstitial fibrosis or bronchiectasis (9Ohori NP Michaels MG Jaffe R Williams P Yousem SA Adenovirus pneumonia in lung transplant recipients.Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 1073-1079Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar,18Bridges ND Spray TL Collins MH Bowles NE Towbin JA Adenovirus infection in the lung results in graft failure after lung transplantation.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 116: 617-623Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar,25Humar A Doucette K Kumar D et al.Assessment of adenovirus infection in adult lung transplant recipients using molecular surveillance.J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006; 25: 1441-1446Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar). In heart transplant recipients, detection of adenoviral genome in myocardial biopsy specimens might be predictive of coronary vasculopathy and graft loss (10Shirali GS Ni J Chinnock RE et al.Association of viral genome with graft loss in children after cardiac transplantation.N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1498-1503Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar,29Moulik M Breinholt JP Dreyer WJ et al.Viral endomyocardial infection is an independent predictor and potentially treatable risk factor for graft loss and coronary vasculopathy in pediatric cardiac transplant recipients.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56: 582-592Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar). In transplants involving the small bowel, with isolated or multivisceral allografts, enteritis is common and a significant proportion of these patients develop disseminated adenovirus disease (6Pinchoff RJ Kaufman SS Magid MS et al.Adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplantation recipients.Transplantation. 2003; 76: 183-189Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar,23Florescu DF Islam MK Mercer DF et al.Adenovirus infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.Transplantation. 2010; 90: 198-200Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar,27Berho M Torroella M Viciana A et al.Adenovirus enterocolitis in human small bowel transplants.Pediatr Transplant. 1998; 2: 277-282PubMed Google Scholar). Hemorrhagic cystitis and graft dysfunction are described more often in adult than pediatric renal transplant recipients (24Watcharananan SP Avery R Ingsathit A et al.Adenovirus disease after kidney transplantation: Course of infection and outcome in relation to blood viral load and immune recovery.Am J Transplant. 2011; 11: 1308-1314Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar,28Ison MG Adenovirus infections in transplant recipients.Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43: 331-339Crossref PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar,30Yagisawa T Takahashi K Yamaguchi Y et al.Adenovirus induced nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients.Transplant Proc. 1989; 21: 2097-2099Google Scholar).Table 1:Adenovirus serotypes and associated disease (16Koneru B Jaffe R Esquivel CO et al.Adenoviral infections in pediatric liver transplant recipients.JAMA. 1987; 258: 489-492Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar)SubgroupSerotypesCommon clinical presentationA12, 18, 31Disseminated disease (31Leruez-Ville M Minard V Lacaille F et al.Real-time blood plasma polymerase chain reaction for management of disseminated adenovirus infection.Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38: 45-52Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar)B13, 7, 16, 21, 50Respiratory tract diseaseHepatitis (3Hoffman JA Adenovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients.Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009; 14: 625-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar,7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar)Myocarditis (7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar,21Liu M Mallory GB Schecter MG et al.Long-term impact of respiratory viral infection after pediatric lung transplantation.Pediatr Transplant. 2010; 14: 431-436Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar)Hemorrhagic cystitis (7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar)Conjunctivitis (7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar)Meningoencephalitis (7Humar A Kumar D Mazzulli T et al.A surveillance study of adenovirus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients.Am J Transplant. 2005; 5: 2555-2559Crossref PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar)B211, 14, 34, 35Respiratory tract diseaseHemorrhagic cystitis (11Ljungman P Ribaud P Eyrich M et al.Cidofovir for adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A survey by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003; 31: 481-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar,34Lenaerts L Naesens L Antiviral therapy for adenovirus infections.Antiviral Res. 2006; 71: 172-180Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar,35Green M Ljungman P Michaels M Adenovirus, parvovirus B19, papilloma virus, and polyomaviruses after hemopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation.in: Bowden RA Ljungman P Paya CV Transplant infections. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia2003: 412-438Google Scholar)Disseminated disease (11Ljungman P Ribaud P Eyrich M et al.Cidofovir for adenovirus infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A survey by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003; 31: 481-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar,34Lenaerts L Naesens L Antiviral therapy for adenovirus infections.Antiviral Res. 2006; 71: 172-180Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar,35Green M Ljungman P Michaels M Adenovirus, parvovirus B19, papilloma virus, and polyomaviruses after hemopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation.in: Bowden RA Ljungman P Paya CV Transplant infections. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia2003: 412-438Google Scholar)C1, 2, 5, 6Respiratory tract diseaseConjunctivitis (1Ruuskanen O Meurman O Akusjarvi G Adenoviruses.in: Richman DD Whitley RJ Hayden FG Clinical virology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C2002: 515-535Google Scholar,2Echavarria M Adenoviruses in immunocompromised hosts.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 704-715Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar,5Leung AY Chan M Cheng VC Yuen KY Kwong YL Quantification of adenovirus in the lower respiratory tract of patients without clinical adenovirus-related respiratory.disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40: 1541-1544Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar)Hepatitis (1Ruuskanen O Meurman O Akusjarvi G Adenoviruses.in: Richman DD Whitley RJ Hayden FG Clinica" @default.
• W1576873243 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1576873243 creator A5018322858 @default.
• W1576873243 creator A5044211122 @default.
• W1576873243 date "2013-03-01" @default.
• W1576873243 modified "2023-10-02" @default.
• W1576873243 title "Adenovirus in Solid Organ Transplantation" @default.
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