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• W157746177 abstract "In the famous Dichterweihe passage of the Theogony, Hesiod receives inspiration from the Muses and a divine mandate to compose poetry. (1) The cryptic nature of the Muses' statement about truth and (27-28), and its unquestionable importance as a statement of Hesiodic poetics, have combined to make this scene a source of inexhaustible controversy, and debate continues to seethe over its interpretation and programmatic significance for Hesiod's work. (2) For example, the similarity of Theog. 27 to Od. 19.203 has led many scholars to believe that in this line Hesiod is referring to Homeric poetry or heroic poetry in general as the of line 27, while his own poetry is represented by the truth of line 28. (3) Other scholars focus on the precise meaning of the terms [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (27) and [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (28) in an attempt to make sense of the Muses' riddling statement. (4) While the difference in meaning of the two words for truth in these lines is certainly important for its interpretation, I would argue that for a correct understanding of the passage one must perceive how the narrator, presents these words from the Muses' focalization. In this article I demonstrate that Hesiod has structured the Dichterweihe passage in such a way as to introduce the concept of the gulf separating gods from humans, and to link that concept with that of his own legitimacy as poet. The vision of the universe as fundamentally divided into divine and mortal spheres represents, as I will argue, an important and pervasive idea in the Theogony. Hesiod introduces this concept in the proem of his epic about the gods to indicate its programmatic significance for his narrative strategy in the work as a whole. In the Dichterweihe we encounter the first instance of direct speech in the Theogony, the Muses' unflattering address to the shepherd Hesiod: [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] And to myself--me here!--the goddesses first spoke a word, The Olympian Muses, daughters of aegis-bearing Zeus: Field-dwelling shepherds, evil reproaches, nothing-but-stomachs, We know how to speak many lies indistinguishable from [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-things, And we know how, whenever we please, to utter things that are [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]. Thus spoke the daughters of great Zeus with riddling words. (6) This passage is one of the few in the Theogony where Hesiod embeds the speech of a character. In narratological terms, embedded speech means any directly quoted speech of a character which the primary narrator (in this case, Hesiod) inserts into his text as direct speech. (7) The Muses' embedded speech is addressed to the character Hesiod, who briefly appears in this scene in order to be the recipient of the goddesses' abusive address. By introducing a representation of himself into his narration, the Hesiodic narrator allows the characters in his story, in this case the Muses, to interact with him in a way that would have been impossible in epic if he had remained external to the text. (8) He quickly abandons his character-role in the story once the Dichterweihe scene is complete, however, because otherwise it would be impossible for him to describe the birth of the cosmos. Only an external narrator can possess the narrative required for the description of events that he cannot have seen, and like Homer, takes care to support his claim to narrative omniscience by showing that it is a gift from the Muses. (9) By embedding the Muses' speech, the poet causes the Muses to usurp temporarily the role of narrating and focalizing from the primary narrator, Hesiod. In narratological terms, focalization is the act of seeing an event of the story. The term focalizer is defined by de Jong as [t]he person (the narrator or a character) through whose eyes the events or persons of a narrative are 'seen. …" @default.
• W157746177 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W157746177 date "2005-03-22" @default.
• W157746177 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W157746177 title "The Muses and the Mortal Narrator: How Gods Relate to Humankind in the Theogony" @default.
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