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• W1577902181 abstract "An important step in understanding the significance and therapeutic needs of psychiatric syndromes is documenting the course of the disorder. Those individuals who have chronic forms of disorder generally suffer greater consequences as a result, have more severe forms of disorder, and require the most aggressive intervention. Over time, the perception that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome of childhood misbehavior that wanes throughout puberty and adolescence has been challenged by volumes of research and a continual refinement of standardized diagnostic criteria. Attempting to understand the burden of psychiatric illness across the life span is often complicated by the fact that, with the progression of time and parallel developmental maturation, the core features of a disorder may present differently. Thus the study and treatment of childhood psychopathology often require an interpretation of symptom expression that takes into account normal development. Examining ADHD across the life span presents unique challenges because the diagnostic criteria require that the disorder be evident by 7 years of age. Natural development leads to many behavioral changes throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, requiring that clinically relevant research have a nuanced interpretation of symptom expression of ADHD in older subjects. This chapter describes the history of the disorder and the current longitudinal studies of ADHD children into adulthood, with a special focus on the changing operational definition of the disorder, the reliance on the presence of hyperactivity in diagnosis, the impact of normal developmental maturation on recognizing problem behaviors at different ages, and the clinical significance of the diagnosis in older or adult subjects. Definition and diagnostic criteria ADHD has long been considered a behavioral disorder of childhood even if under different names. In the 1930s, hyperkinesis, impulsivity, learning disability, and short attention span were described as minimal brain damage and later as minimal brain dysfunction because these symptoms mimicked those seen in patients with frank central nervous system (CNS) injuries. In the 1950s, this label wasmodified to hyperactive child syndrome, with the eventual inclusion of hyperkinetic reaction of childhood in DSM-II in 1968 (American Psychiatric Association, 1968). Each of these labels and sets of criterion was focused exclusively on children and placed the most importance on hyperactivity and impulsivity as hallmarks of the disorder. Although the section of DSM-II dedicated to hyperkinetic reaction of childhood was very brief and unstructured, it remained the prevailing standard until publication of DSM-III in 1980 (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). DSM-III represented a significant change in the description of the disorder andwas the first to formally recognize inattention as a significant component of the disorder. Its definition also recognized developmental variability and indicated that this variability may play a role in the presentation of the disorder in individuals of different ages. Most importantly for this discussion, DSM-III included a residual type of ADHD that could be diagnosed in individuals with a history of meeting full criteria for the disorder, but who presented with a reduced set of symptoms, if the remaining symptoms continued to cause significant levels of impairment. Although the revision of DSM-III published in 1987 (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) eliminated the residual type of ADHD, this type returned in 1994 with the publication of DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), which also offered" @default.
• W1577902181 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1577902181 creator A5070269405 @default.
• W1577902181 date "2011-07-20" @default.
• W1577902181 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1577902181 title "The course and persistence of ADHD throughout the life-cycle" @default.
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• W1577902181 doi "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511780752.002" @default.
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