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• W1578305196 abstract "Cavitation occurring when a spherical body impacts, and rebounds from, a flat surface has been investigated experimentally using high-speed photography. This phenomenon occurs in nature with the mantis shrimp utilising both the initial physical impact and also the shockwave impulse from the associated cavitation bubble collapse, to break open the shell of its prey. A 45 mm Ertacetal® plastic sphere attached to a thin rod was fitted to a spring-loaded mechanism which allowed for the impact velocity of the sphere to be varied (up to 3.2 m/s). Experiments were performed in quiescent water at static pressures of 40 to 140 kPa and equilibrium saturation condition. The sphere velocity and acceleration, and cavitation bubble radius and interface velocity were determined from the high-speed images which were acquired at a frame rate of 100 kHz. A power law relationship was found between the maximum bubble radius, non-dimensionalised on sphere radius, and the pressure, nondimensionalised to a cavitation number, for the range of velocities and pressures investigated. Introduction The cavitation induced when a sphere impacts a solid surface has been studied in various forms. Joseph [2] proposed the possibility of cavitation induced by shear stress. Marston et al. [5] found cavitation to form on the rebound of a sphere from a surface (filmed at 20 kHz) and favourably compared their experimental results with the theoretical stress limits proposed by Joseph. Seddon et al. [8] presented experimental results of the formation of shear-stress-induced vapour cavities during the approach of a sphere on a solid boundary. High-speed images were taken at 10 kHz and showed the presence of cavitation as Figure 1. The variable-pressure Bubble Dynamics Chamber has a test volume of 520×520×1200 mm. The short ends and two opposite long sides (top and bottom) are stainless steel plate. The remaining sides are 85 mm thick acrylic windows. The chamber can be operated at pressures from 10 to 400 kPa. Figure 2. Schematic of the experimental setup showing location of sphere, target, high-speed camera, diffuser and backlight. The compression spring to accelerate sphere is housed within the sphere-tube assembly and not shown. the sphere moved toward the boundary. Mansoor et al. [4] used high-speed photography (at 33 kHz) to film the cavitation made by a tungsten-carbide sphere dropped onto a glass surface covered in a layer of Newtonian fluid. The cavitation was seen to form only after impact. The formation of cavitation due to impact forces occurs in nature with the example of the peacock mantis shrimp (Odontodactylus scyllarus) striking prey with a raptorial appendage. The bubble formed behaves as a typical vapour bubble according to the Rayleigh-Plesset equation [1], and undergoes multiple rebounds with corresponding pressure field changes. The strike can generate forces up to 1501 N [6] at peak speeds of 14 to 23 m/s [7]. Another example is the snapping shrimp (Alpheus heterochaelis) which generates a sonoluminescing cavitation bubble when its snapper claw snaps shut [3]. The investigations discussed above used a sphere falling under gravity. To generate higher velocities representative of those exhibited by the mantis shrimp, the experiments presented here use a spring-loaded mechanism to accelerate the sphere. The maximum radius of the bubble generated between the sphere and the impact surface has been measured using high speed photography. The effect on the bubble size of static pressure and impact velocity is investigated. Experimental Setup The experiments were performed in the variable-pressure Bubble Dynamics Chamber (BDC) at the Cavitation Research Laboratory, University of Tasmania. The chamber, shown in figure 1, is constructed of 46 mm thick stainless steel plates and sits horizontally on one long side with a stainless steel plate top and bottom. Two opposite long sides have 85 mm acrylic windows, and the short ends are both stainless steel plate. The chamber has a test volume of 520×520×1200 mm filled with distilled water and a smaller plenum of air (not shown) attached to the top through which the pressurising system is implemented. The pressure in the tank is controlled with an automated system between 10 to 400 kPa." @default.
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• W1578305196 date "2014-01-01" @default.
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• W1578305196 title "Cavitation about a sphere impacting a flat surface" @default.
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