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- W158085155 abstract "This chapter presents an overview of the smelting of nickel laterite to ferronickel. Half of the primary nickel, approximately 70,000 tonnes per year, is produced by smelting laterite ores. The process and the principles of ferronickel smelting are described in detail. About 90% of this smelting produces ferronickel and about 10% produces sulfide matte. The feed material for ferronickel production is moist saprolite, a type of laterite. The product is refined ferronickel, which is suitable for making stainless steel and other ferrous alloys. The ferronickel is produced in the form of small ingots or water-granulated ‘beans' that are convenient for adding to alloy-making furnaces. The smelting of laterite ores to produce ferronickel is based on two principles. The first principle is that nickel and iron oxides are easily reduced to metallic nickel and iron. The second principle is that laterite ores cannot be smelted to pure nickel metal, that is, without iron. The four main steps of the process are dewatering—the removal of mechanically entrained water from the concentrate, calcination—the removal of chemically bonded water from the dried ore, reduction—the removal of oxygen from the nickel and iron oxide in the calcine, and refining—the removal of impurities, such as sulfur and phosphorus from the molten ferronickel." @default.
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- W158085155 date "2011-01-01" @default.
- W158085155 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W158085155 title "Overview of the Smelting of Nickel Laterite to Ferronickel" @default.
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- W158085155 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-096809-4.10004-8" @default.
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