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• W1581930905 endingPage "161" @default.
• W1581930905 startingPage "107" @default.
• W1581930905 abstract "A pattern of hemispheric specialization common to all vertebrates has been presented (summarized in Fig. 6). It has been considered, as far as possible, in terms of behavior patterns that are important in the natural environment. Responses in foraging and prey capture are typical specializations of the left hemisphere and they are often apparent as rightward-directed responses. Responses to novel stimuli and potential predators are specializations of the right hemisphere and responses to these stimuli are directed preferentially to the animal's left side. The right hemisphere is also specialized for the expression of fear and aggression, and to process and memorize topographical information, essential in association with predator-escape responses. The baseline differences between the hemispheres are (1) rapid and species-typical responses being under the control of the right hemisphere and (2) responses requiring considered decision making being under control of the left hemisphere. Fig. 6. Summary of the general pattern of lateralization of the hemispheres. Side biases in responding to prey to the right side and agonistic responses delivered to conspecifics on the left side occur not only in species with eyes placed on the sides of their head and with only a small binocular field of vision, but also in species with smaller lateral fields and with a large binocular overlap. At least in one case, that of prey striking in toads, there is clear evidence that the side bias occurs within the binocular field and manifests itself as a hemifield neglect of prey to the left side of the toad's midline. Chicks also, provided they have been hatched from eggs incubated in the dark, have a bias within the binocular field: They show a preference to fixate with the right half of the binocular field before delivering an aggressive peck. It should be noted, however, that the majority of aggressive pecks made by chicks are delivered after use of the left, monocular field of vision in dark-incubated chicks as well as those exposed to light before hatching. Lateralized use of the visual hemifields deserves further investigation in a range of species. Side biases in responding are not easily associated with any evolutionary advantage but they may be balanced against other advantages of lateralization. Lateralization may enhance cognitive abilities and more efficient responding in some species and contexts. It may also be associated with specialized functioning of the immune system selected on the basis of past experience of the species in terms of physiological demand on the immune system, although this hypothesis has yet to be tested. Finally, population bias for the majority of individuals to be lateralized in the same direction is considered as a potential benefit to group cohesion, as in schooling fish, and a mechanism by which individuals can interact in predictable ways within a social group. For example, the bias for directing attack responses leftward may be used by an approaching animal to avoid an aggressive encounter; approach on the potential aggressor's right side would minimize the chances of attack. Until now, most examples of lateralization have come from experimentation in the laboratory or using captive animals. There are relatively few examples demonstrating lateralization in wild populations, despite the obvious implications of lateralization for survival of species and individuals. Those lateralizations found in species in their natural habitat have been mentioned. They highlight the promise of gaining a better understanding of behavior of animals in the wild if lateralization is taken into account as a characteristic of all vertebrates." @default.
• W1581930905 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1581930905 creator A5013351206 @default.
• W1581930905 date "2002-01-01" @default.
• W1581930905 modified "2023-10-08" @default.
• W1581930905 title "Lateralization in vertebrates: Its early evolution, general pattern, and development" @default.
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