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• W1583187887 abstract "[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] IN THE EARLY PHASES OF OPERATIONS in Iraq and Afghanistan it made sense for maneuver units to bring large amounts of American cash onto the battlefield. Army units used it to make various battlefield purchases, including construction materials for foxholes and flooring for tents and even bottled water for Soldiers. These Army units also used cash to reward tipsters or even to pay for battle damaged private property. Cash, particularly a hard currency like American cash, was the best tool for the job at hand, and local residents preferred to accept it. Even so, the volume of these transactions was colossal. For the last several years, the Army has spent approximately $1.5 billion per year in American cash in theater. (1) Relying on cash, year-after-year, at such a scale to handle such purchases in these economies meant missing, year-after-year, an opportunity to advance economic and security objectives there. Instead, transitioning today away from cash could make valuable improvements to these unstable economies. Excessive reliance on cash for such purchases stunts entrepreneurial activity and job creation. But using commercially available, non-traditional banking methods for these purchases could arrest the trend. Further, transitioning away from cash would eliminate handling large sums on the battlefield, eliminating the need to put every person involved in distribution and usage at risk of personal violence. Life in the Wild West of Reconstruction-era western Missouri offers some salient lessons to understand the insidious military consequences of this large-scale reliance on cash in Iraq and Afghanistan today. During those times, insurgents enjoyed strong popular support and operated with impunity. During those times, cash (actually state-chartered bank notes) was the dominant medium of value. (2) During those times, changes in banking and wire transfer absorbed cash, helping to settle the Wild West. Today, the same principles can be applied in Iraq and Afghanistan to advance economic and security objectives there as well. Jesse James Of course, the most famous figure from Reconstruction-era western Missouri is the folk legend, Jesse James. James was nearly 14 at the beginning of the Civil War, too young to fight for the Confederate side. However, just as massed warfare gave way to insurgency, James came of age, and he rose to notoriety for banditry during and after Reconstruction. Against great odds, he managed to elude capture by law enforcement officials for 17 years until his murder by a bounty hunter in 1882. (3) Surely, his success was due in part to widespread support from local residents. One source of his appeal may have been the sheer audacity of his successive bank and train robberies, but that alone probably would not explain why he eluded capture for so long. Rather, a more plausible source of his popular support was likely his reputation as a Confederate champion. (4) So, for some, James was merely a violent outlaw bent on robbing trains full of cash, using violent insurgent tactics. However, for others, he wasn't merely employing insurgent tactics, he was, in fact, an insurgent. Indeed, local citizens dissatisfied with current political arrangements in Missouri aided him. The distinction between outlaw and insurgent was probably just as unclear to the people on the ground in Missouri as it is today in Iraq and Afghanistan. Because James directed his energies specifically at cash, he himself contributed to the confusion. Cash Economy in Reconstruction-era Missouri Those trains were loaded with cash in the first place because gold, the official specie, was virtually unavailable, and even state-chartered bank notes and the new federal greenbacks were in rare supply. Cash was extremely precious as the only alternative to the widespread practice of bartering. (5, 6) Cash had to be physically transported into the frontier region in trains, placed in bank vaults, and then distributed by bank cashiers to individuals for their own safekeeping and use. …" @default.
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• W1583187887 date "2008-11-01" @default.
• W1583187887 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1583187887 title "How Jesse James, the Telegraph, and the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Can Help the Army Win the War on Terrorism: The Unrealized Strategic Effects of a Cashless Battlefield" @default.
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