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- W1583588045 abstract "Abstract William of Ockham's (1287–1347) ethical theory defies easy categorization. Fundamentally, Ockham is an intentionalist in the tradition of Augustine and Abelard: only acts of will are morally significant. However, he develops his theory in the framework of an Aristotelian virtue ethic ( see Augustine, Saint; Abelard, Peter). The combination of an intentionalist ethic and an Aristotelian virtue ethic is an uneasy marriage, but one that Ockham makes sense of. The most significant problem in explicating Ockham's ethical thought is that he develops two different accounts of the ultimate standards of morality. He argues that all moral norms are determined by divine command. He also argues that human reason, even when ignorant of God, can discover moral norms. This tension is found at the foundation of Ockham's moral theory. Ockham divides moral science into two branches: positive and nonpositive (Quod. II.14). Positive moral science recognizes that God has the absolute power to command anything that does not involve a contradiction, and that any act is good (or evil) only because it is commanded (or prohibited) by God. Nonpositive moral science derives its norms from the exercise of human reason. Some nonpositive moral principles are known per se. These principles are somewhat abstract: “anything dictated by right reason should be done” (sent. III.12). Others are known by experience. These principles are more practical and directive: “an angry person should be soothed with calm words” (connex. 2.14). For Ockham, divine command and human reason each provide us with a set of moral norms and code ethical conduct. Ockham's many defenders are hard pressed to explain how he reconciled these two competing bases of moral norms." @default.
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- W1583588045 date "2013-02-01" @default.
- W1583588045 modified "2023-10-13" @default.
- W1583588045 title "William of Ockham" @default.
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- W1583588045 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee452" @default.
- W1583588045 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
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