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• W1590074653 abstract "INTRODUCTION This Essay is a report from the battlefront. The battle is between the forces of the constitution, a moderate form of politics, and the politics based on the barrel of the gun. But the Essay is not about what goes on at the front. It is more about how we should change our thinking at headquarters to make the battle easier to fight. It is an effort to reformulate our way of thinking about constitutions and about what we do with constitutions, notably making them, to serve the goals of constitutionalism not only in safe and happy places (the headquarters), but also at the battlefront, where the risk of war or other forms of conflict is substantial. This includes both post-war, or post-conflict, situations and pre-war, or pre-conflict conflict situations. (1) It is what I refer to as the edges of the constitutional order. It is where some form of state of emergency is either at hand or is a looming possibility. The state of emergency of the kind we constitutionalists, and moderates, should care about is not the one that so preoccupied Carl Schmitt; it is not a situation where the very survival of a state is at risk. (2) As Czechoslovakia was breaking up, the survival of that state was certainly at risk because it did not survive, but we were nowhere close to the edges of constitutional order. There was no risk of war, nor of a regime that would rely much more on coercion and threat. Whatever the wisdom of the split, there was no constitutionalist problem. A state of emergency arises, rather, when the very survival of constitutional order is at risk. When that happens we might need to sacrifice a state or two without shedding a constitutionalist tear. We inherit from the eighteenth century two forms of constitutionalist catechism, (3) one French and the other American. They are moderately different in content, and very different in style. The French version, embodied in The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, (4) is in the form of briefly stated principles officially adopted at the start of constitution making. The American version, which we now know as The Federalist, (5) is a set of essays making the argument in favor of the constitution after it has been proposed. (6) Our current stage of modernity, which is different from what earlier counted as modern, but not postmodern either, is in need both of such catechisms, and of larger theories that back them up. The catechisms of the eighteenth century emerged from the battle lines of the constitutional order of that period. What emerges from the battle lines today should be a substantial modification, as well as strengthening and generalization, of the constitutional catechisms inherited from the eighteenth century. Repetition is not the best form of building on the past. So this Essay, and the book project of which it is a part, is my effort to build on the work of Madison and Hamilton, Sieyes and Condorcet, and Kollataj and Potocki without necessarily retaining a great deal of what they actually said. Over the last decade the international community has given much attention to the problems of constitution making in fragile states, in quasi-states, for territories in which the state has collapsed, or for territories that have never been properly governed by a state. To get a feel for the diversity of this problem, consider three examples: East Timor, from the withdrawal of Indonesian authorities in 1999 until its full independence; (7) Iraq today; (8) and the European Union since the Treaty of Maastricht or perhaps the Treaty of Nice. (9) I was directly involved in East Timor and Iraq, and I think I have learned something from this experience. I have become convinced that among the chief problems facing us in such situations are not just the obvious: the interests of the powerful have to be accommodated, or else nothing happens. And when they are accommodated, the result may not be as attractive or as effective as we might wish--long term prospects of democracy, peace, and human rights might suffer. …" @default.
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• W1590074653 date "2008-03-01" @default.
• W1590074653 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W1590074653 title "Constitution Making at the Edges of Constituional Order" @default.
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