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- W1590618419 abstract "Abstract 1.1. A series of 356 gastrointestinal carcinoids is presented. Two hundred seven (58 per cent) were of the appendix and 149 (42 per cent) were extra-appendiceal in location. 2.2. Of 146 extra-appendiceal carcinoids in this series that could be graded, invasiveness was found in 67 per cent. Of the total 149 extraappendiceal carcinoids, twenty-four (16 per cent) had metastasized to the liver or lungs. 3.3. The suggestion is made that all extraappendiceal carcinoids be considered malignant and reported in terms of invasiveness. The surgical implications of these tumors are different than for other gastrointestinal carcinomas and are discussed. Appendiceal carcinoids are of an unusually low grade of invasiveness; no adequately documented case was found in a review of the English literature and in this series of a metastasis beyond regional lymph nodes. 4.4. Evidence is presented that a definite relationship exists between widely metastatic tumors, certain clinical phenomena and valvular lesions of the right side of the heart. The term carcinoid is suggested as a simple term to denote this group of findings. 5.5. Evidence is presented that non-specific gross lesions of the left side of the heart cannot be implicated in the syndrome. 6.6. Of twenty-four cases in this series with liver or lung metastases, twenty-one could be clinically as well as anatomically reviewed, and four (19 per cent) exhibited the syndrome. The addition of these new cases brings the total number reported to date to fifty-seven. Two of these cases had proved isolated pulmonic stenosis. These bring the total number of cases with proved isolated non-rheumatic lesions of the valve of the right heart, (or combined lesions on the right and left side in the event of patent foramen ovale) to thirty-four. 7.7. Gastric and duodenal ulcers, not previously mentioned in connection with metastatic carcinoid, were found in eight of the twenty-one cases (38 per cent). By comparison, the incidence of all types of gastric and duodenal ulcers in 18,486 consecutive autopsies was 5.5 per cent. The significance of an additional finding, of arthritic changes usually of the joints of the fingers, must still be investigated. 8.8. It is concluded that not all patients with extensive metastases exhibit the features of the syndrome and not all patients with the syndrome exhibit all the features previously described. The most constantly occurring appear to be the tumor and its liver metastases, episodes of flushing or a constant flush of the skin, a large liver and diarrhea." @default.
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- W1590618419 date "1956-12-01" @default.
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- W1590618419 title "A study of 356 carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract" @default.
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- W1590618419 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(56)90101-2" @default.
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