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• W1592960754 abstract "In 1869 Bonny in the Eastern Niger Delta area of present-day Nigeria fought a civil war which split it into component parts. This came at a time when most West Africa states were experiencing the transition from slave trade to ’legitimate commerce.’ For this reason, explanations of the war were often given in the broad context of the impact of the commercial transition on coastal West African states. Scholars such as Anthony G. Hopkins (1968: 580-606; 1973: 125-6, 135-64) look at the 1869 war and the endemic Yoruba wars in the nineteenth century as parts of the ’crisis of adaptation’ of coastal trading states, which left them vulnerable to European annexation. On the other hand, students like Jacob Ade Ajayi and Ralph A. Austen (1972:303-6) are protagonists of the view that the structure of the palmoil (legitimate) trade in the Delta was virtually the same as that of the slave trade. Hence, commercial transition does not offer an explanation for wars in Bonny and Yorubaland (Law 1993: 91-115; 1995: 1-31). These debates on legitimate commerce are compelling, have raged on for decades, and become one of the ’central themes in the historiography of western Africa.’ They in turn provide the context and fuel for a second-order level of debate concerning the role of alliance, the weakening of central authority and power maximization in the nineteenth-century Bonny conflict. Despite this double-deck contention, a consensus position appears to have emerged. The current thinking is that at the minimum the transition from slaving to produce trading that produced new economic forces (leaders, not necessarily new structures) like Jaja and Oko Jumbo realigned the old political structures of Bonny. Thus, today no historian familiar with the recent researches would argue that the war was primarily due to the transition to the non-slave trade (Lynn 1995a: 57-77). Having said this, we will avoid the big 'transition debate,' and rather focus attention on differential rates of internal development within each canoe house as the principal means of change in power in 1860s Bonny. The second orientation of this paper is to provide a tentative testing of the connection between relative capabilities and the identity of the conflict initiator in nineteenth-century Bonny rather than present an original historical account of the 1869 war. Finally, this paper aims to reverse the current assumptions in the formidable set of published works on this event and its context," @default.
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• W1592960754 date "1998-01-01" @default.
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• W1592960754 title "Capability Distribution and Onset of the 1869 Bonny War" @default.
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