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• W1593288239 abstract "ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to identify and integrate philosophies, theories and frameworks to propose a more comprehensive model that directs research and global companies toward ethically-enabling philosophies, perceptions, and practices across cultures. This study is the second study in a series to develop a cross-cultural ethics macro model based on a 25-year literature review by Strubler, Park, and Agarwal (2009). From the first study, we concluded that cross-cultural ethics is a multivariable process. We proposed a systems model for the stages of corporate ethical development. We now propose one new macro-model and further define and integrate a previously created Global Ethics Acculturation model with the macro model. Moreover, we propose research hypotheses for testing. These hypotheses establish a means to provide a prescription for practitioners and corporations to manage cross-cultural ethical dilemmas along with adding knowledge to the body of cross-cultural ethics literature. Plans for future research to define, operationalize, and test elements of the macro and micro models are proposed. INTRODUCTION Cross-border ethical dilemmas at all levels pose a significant challenge to those who engage in global business. While law is a baseline for ethics (the lowest common denominator), even legal requirements vary from country to country. This places global managers in the difficult position of learning and complying with laws of all the countries involved in a business transaction or operation, e.g., Toyota's industry-shattering recall in the U.S. However, above and beyond the law is an emerging field of cross-cultural ethics. For example, at the organizational level, consider Nike's self-correction to provide a safe environment for its overseas-workers or Patagonia's initiative to foster sustainability through their global supply chain, absent of any legal requirements to do so. Nor are there legal requirements for American medical teams in foreign countries to maintain safety standards for patients. Nor is a sales manager's decision to inform a construction contractor of a defect-rate for bolts used to build a bridge in a country where earthquake potential is high but where no construction standards exist (Ferrell & Fraedrich, 1997). For this reason, Strubler et al (2009) proposed a corporate ethical development model which assumes that organizations should embrace the law-above-the-law with a commitment toward ethical practices that sustain society, the organization, its suppliers and customer base for the long-term (see Appendix I, Cross-Cultural Ethics Maturity Model). As already observed, there are many philosophies, theories and micro models which have been proposed, many of which are useful for testing hypotheses (Strubler et al, 2009). Out of this literature review came twenty models ranging from the macro to micro level. Therefore, we propose two interacting macro-models as a framework for cross-cultural ethics. The first of the two models proposed in this research assumes that synergistic variables from national/environmental, organizational and personal subsystems lead to a cumulative, if not exponential, interaction effect producing (un)ethical decisions and associated behaviors in a given cultural context (Owen, 1983; Brommer et al, 1987; Hunt & Vitell, 1986; Wines & Napier, 1992; Stajkovic & Luthans, 1997; Robertson & Fadul, 1999; McDevitt et al, 2007; Tsalikis, 2008; Svennson & Wood, 2008). However, as the literature and this macro model suggests, ethical decision-making and behavior is complicated even within a single culture. Therefore, the second model (based on Schramm's 1999 model of shared experience) was introduced in the Strubler et al (2009) study and is integrated here with the macro model as a means of explaining and predicting ethical decision-making and behaviors across cultures. So for the first macro model (see Figure 1, Appendix 1), we identified eight major national/environmental factors from the literature which were shown to influence or interact with ethical decision-making and outcome behaviors. …" @default.
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• W1593288239 date "2012-04-01" @default.
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• W1593288239 title "Development of a Macro-Model of Cross Cultural Ethics" @default.
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