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• W1598419394 abstract "1. INTRODUCTION Air quality protection is a key element in ensuring sustainable livelihoods for both present and future generations. Pollution from urban atmosphere is due to air pollutant emissions and transmissions. Emissions of sulfur dioxide have as main cause the activities in the steel industry, the oil refineries, the motor vehicles, the thermo-electric power stations. Nitrogen oxide emissions are largely caused by electricity and thermal industry, road traffic and manufacturing industries. Engine emissions from road traffic are an important source of pollution around the world, as there are no data available in Romania for the share held by each mode of transport pollution. During transmission, the pollutants are dispersed, diluted and subjected to photochemical reactions. The air pollution in the environment varies in time and space. Air pollution involve living organisms emanation of harmful substances in the atmosphere. Types of pollutants that contribute most heavily to air pollution are oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, chloro-fluorocarbides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and soot. Air pollution can affect aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems if pollutants dissolve in water or precipitate as rain. Primary pollutants are those emitted directly into the atmosphere (sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, soot particles), while secondary pollutants are produced by reactions between primary pollutants. Ozone, for example, is formed over the urban areas by reactions between primary pollutants and normal builders of the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are the main pollutants emitted from burning fuel. Soot and sulphur dioxide are the primary pollutants produced mainly by burning fossil fuels in electric power stations, such as oil and coal. Every year over 1 billion tons of such material enters the atmosphere composition by these processes. Industry and transports are consuming lots of fossil fuels. The consumption of these fuels, eliminates in the atmosphere pollutant substances containing carbon, sulphur and nitrogen. Combustion of carbon, oil and gasoline is responsible for most air pollutants. For example over 80% of sulphur dioxide and 50% of nitrogen dioxide emitted into the atmosphere in the U.S. are products of fossil fuels, electric power stations, industrial boilers and residual furnaces. 80% of carbon monoxide and 40% of nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons result from the combustion of gas and diesel fuel. Other polluting materials may have as source issue metals industry (iron, zinc, lead, copper), petroliferous refineries, cement plants and those in which nitric acid and sulphuric acid are obtained. These chemicals interact with each other but also with ultraviolet rays in sunlight dangerous intensities. Thus, the atmosphere is affected by a variety of solid, liquid and gaseous substances. Therefore, air pollution is the worst problem, with effects on short, medium and long term. Atmospheric condition is highlighted through the pollution of impact with different pollutants, the quality of precipitation, the state of atmospheric ozone, the dynamics of greenhouse gases emissions and some manifestations of climate changes. Air quality monitoring involves tracking the items included in the four categories of issues: sources and emissions of air pollutants, the transfer of pollutants in the atmosphere, concentrations level of air pollutants and their spatial-temporal distribution and the effects of air pollutants on human as well as biotic and abiotic environment. To improve air quality and also protect the atmosphere are required control measures for pollutants emissions. To assess the pollution degree of the atmosphere are calculated pollutants emissions to determine ambient air quality. Emissions are measured by appropriate methods of assessment, specific to each pollutant in part based on emission factors and activity indicators. Most sensitive air pollution control strategies involve methods that reduce, collect, capture or retain pollutants before they are released into the atmosphere. …" @default.
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• W1598419394 title "Urban Air Quality. A Comparative Study of Major European Capitals" @default.
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