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• W1598584042 abstract "microhylid frogs, which are endemic to India and Sri Lanka (Bowatte and Meegaskumbura, 2011; Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001). Of the nine species in this genus, seven are endemic to the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot and four are threatened (IUCN, 2014). Ramanella anamalaiensis Rao, 1937 (Figure 1) is endemic to the Anamalai Hills of the southern Western Ghats in India and is listed as “Data Deficient” (Biju et al., 2004). It was first described (based on a single individual) in 1937 from the base of these hills at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. After this, it was rediscovered in 2010 at Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala. It is known to occur in moist forests at an elevation of 100-1500 m a.s.l. and can be found on the forest floor, logs and rock crevices (Gururaja, 2012). In this note, we present observations on breeding and associated behaviour and sexual dimorphism of R. anamalaiensis over a period of three months from September November 2014. The species was confirmed as R. anamalaiensis from its triangular snout, chocolate brown stripe from snout to groin, rudimentary webbing in feet and absence of dilations on toes (Gururaja, 2012). A total of 1 244 individuals (138.7 individuals ± 86.3) were observed inside a concrete tank (4.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m) in a plantation outside the protected area at 1350 m a.s.l. in Munnar (Kerala) during 12 survey nights between 19:00 00:30 h. The geographical coordinates of the location are not provided here to safeguard the location from collections for research purposes that is currently rampant outside the protected area network in the Western Ghats. The air temperature during these observations ranged 17.7-20.3 oC, substrate temperature was 20.7-22.7 oC, water temperature inside the tank was 20.9-22.0 oC and ambient humidity was 55-82 %. During the study period, individuals were occasionally encountered outside the tank; these specimens were excluded from further observations. This species has not been observed in such large congregations on the forest floor and was rarely encountered (relative abundance=0.02, up to elev. 1650 m) during surveys undertaken at shola-grassland forests in the region (A. Kanagavel, unpublished data). This relatively large congregation observed in the present study has not been reported in any other Ramanella species. The breeding in R. nagaoi and R. montana occurs in water-filled tree hollows, in groups of 9-13 individuals (Krishna et al., 2004; Krishna and Bosch, 2007; Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, Herpetology Notes, volume 8: 221-225 (2015) (published online on 19 April 2015)" @default.
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• W1598584042 date "2015-04-19" @default.
• W1598584042 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1598584042 title "Notes on breeding and behaviour in the Anamalai Dot Frog Ramanella anamalaiensis Rao, 1937" @default.
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