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• W1600270655 abstract "This thesis is concerned with Coventry from about 1820to 1861, and in particular with the social and political attitudesthat characterised it. The dominant industry in the city and thearea of Warwickshire to the north was the weaving of silk ribbons.They were usually made in domestic workshops often by familylabour; piecework rates by a standard 'list' were the traditionalmethod of payment. A chronic surplus of labour threatened todisrupt the list-system and depress earnings. Before 1835 thelist-system was several times generally abandoned; moreover, eachsuccessive list was lower than the last, and real earnings fellmore rapidly than prices for those continuing on the same type ofloom. On the other hand, many weavers turned to more productivelooms and so increased their earnings. The home market for ribbonsexpanded, Warwickshire had little competition from other domesticproducers, and much continental competition was effectively excludedby the statutory prohibition of imports until 1826. Although thetariff that then replaced it proved an inadequate barrier againstcontinental producers between 1828 and 1832 - and those years weredisastrous for Coventry as a result - it did suffice to guard andpreserve for Warwickshire a growing market for cheap ribbons fromthe early 1830s onwards. Standard prices were not lowered after1835, and were generally abandoned only once, from 1840 to 1842;the continued adoption of more productive looms further increasedearnings.Throughout the period, there was a strong tradition of supportfor the list system from 'honourable’ manufacturers and citizens atlarge, anxious for the prosperity of the weavers and the town itself.The same tradition sustained a lavish system of statutory poorrelief until 1830; and though it became more frugal thereafter,the fortunate exemption of Coventry from the close control of thePoor Law Commission until 1844, owing to the autonomy conferredby a local act, helped to preserve outdoor relief for the unemployed.At times of distress relief funds were collected: but a far greateramount of money was disbursed to the poor from the dole charities,with which the city was exceptionally well endowed. Some charitieswere a special preserve of the city's freemen, who also enjoyedrights of pasture on land near the city. The freemen, a large andgrowing group, were determined to retain their privileges orconvert them into rights as substantial. With the city’sassistance or acquiescence, they did so.Many weavers were freemen. Their common good fortunehelped to create complaisance and a pervasive moderation of conduct.Although the city had a popular electorate because of its freemanfranchise, it was never predominantly radical; radical electors hadto coalesce with moderate liberals to return their candidates.Radical movements that disavowed middle-class prescriptions werenumerically weak: and even these minorities were distinguished bytheir constitutionality. There were scarcely any violent clasheswith authority. Industrially, the record is similar: of militantyet disciplined conduct. Even in the one act of Luddism thatoccurred there was little violence to person.The weavers were always characterised by a preference forthe outwork system. Steam factories were few in Coventry untilthe 1850s. They then threatened through superior productivity todisplace the outwork system. The outdoor weavers competed with themby the installation of larger looms in their domestic topshops: andthen, in a movement in which they were supported by the factoryweavers and the city, compelled upon the factory proprietors a systemof remuneration which removed the superior productivity of theirlooms. By 1859 the outwork system seemed more secure than ever.But the free trade measures of 1860, by removing the tariff whichhad long shielded the city, led to an influx of continental ribbons,a great excess of labour in Coventry, and the end of both supportfor the weavers from the city - now mindful of the need to cheapenlabour-costs - and also the list-system which paternalism had longsustained." @default.
• W1600270655 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1600270655 date "1972-01-01" @default.
• W1600270655 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1600270655 title "Weavers and freemen in Coventry, 1820-1861 : social and political traditionalism in an early Victorian town" @default.
• W1600270655 hasPublicationYear "1972" @default.
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