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• W1600463152 abstract "The retina, as one of the most accessible parts of the nervous system, has been extensively studied in different animal models. These studies have highlighted a remarkable conservation of the molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory networks involved in eye development and retinal differentiation. The initial phases of retinal specification see the activation and cooperation of a network of transcription factors (the Eye Field Transcription Factors, EFTFs) that allow the generation of a morphogenetic eye field in the anterior neural plate. The development of the Vertebrate eye then continues with a series of morphogenetic events, concomitant with the closure of the neural tube, that include evagination of the optic vesicles from the ventral forebrain and the subsequent formation of lens and retina. The retina comprises two juxtaposed parts: the neural retina represents the structure lining the inner surface of the eye and is involved in the reception and first elaboration of light stimuli. It presents a precise and stratified architecture based on seven different cell types: six types of neurons (cones, rods, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells and ganglion cells) and one type of glial cells (Muller glia). The Retinal Pigmented Epithelium is generated by the outer part of the neural retina and is fundamental for the correct functioning of retinal photoreceptors. Different molecular pathways that will be described are involved in retinal cell type specification. As most adult organs, the adult eye has an endogenous population of stem cells – the retinal stem cells – localized in different anatomical structures (Ciliary Marginal Zone in amphibians and fish; Adult Ciliary Epithelial cells in Mammals). These cells remain multipotent throughout the lifetime of the organism, but in Mammals, especially in humans, they have lost the capability of reactivating after injury, thus being unable to repair the damaged retina. Identifying the molecular cues necessary to reactivate in vivo mammalian retinal stem cells is one of the strategies under study to repair damaged retinae, the other being the transplantation of differentiated cells. In the last years, many efforts have been devoted to the possibility to drive embryonic stem cells to become retinal cells. The aim is to initially generate retinal progenitors and subsequently mature retinal neurons of the types lost in degenerative diseases, such as photoreceptors and ganglion cells. Currently, only few protocols show promising results: we will describe and discuss them, analyzing their efficiency and capability of generating different mature retinal neuronal types. We will also discuss to which extent in vitro differentiation protocols recapitulate the developmental steps of embryonic development, and whether a more reliable representation of in vivo" @default.
• W1600463152 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1600463152 creator A5061139829 @default.
• W1600463152 creator A5074599447 @default.
• W1600463152 creator A5087196577 @default.
• W1600463152 date "2011-04-26" @default.
• W1600463152 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1600463152 title "Stem Cells and the Retina – Challenges for Regenerative Medicine" @default.
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