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• W1602393440 abstract "Acceptable solut~ons to animal damage problems must consider the social and recreational values of wildlde, regulat~on of population levels, potential hazards of chemical use, human safety and d~sturbance to biotic communities. The objcctive should be to reduce harm and economic loss of livestock to an acceptable level. This paper, reviews alte~native, i.e. nonlethal, predator management methods. Alternative methods include guard animals, fencing, I-epellents, frightening devices and perhaps someday, irnrnuno-contraception. The intent of animal damage control should be an mtegrated pest management approach tailored to fit the individual landowner's needs Tesas leads the U.S. in sheep production with 1.7 million head (Tesas Agric. Statistics Sei-v. 1995). Another 1 95 n~illion goats resided in Texas in 1995. This count includes Spanish, angora, Boer and a small number of daily and cashmere goats. The Tesas shecp and goat lndustiy is located primarily in the Edwards Platcau region of the state. Rangelands used primarily for sheep and goat production are fa~rly rugged limestone hills with moderate to dense brush Under such cond~t~ons, predation losses to coyotes (Cntirs la/t.utls), donicst~c and feral dogs, bobcats (Lytir 141s) , gray Sox (Ut.oc,von citle~eoatgetltells), red fox ([,il/pe.s vr~l/,es), feral hogs (SEIS sct.ofa), golden eagle (,~Iqr~rlu chtysaeros) and other predators yere estimated to be 168,000 head in 1994 (Tesas Agnc Stat~st~cs Selv 1995). Coyote predation typically accounts for over 50% of predator losses Value of I~vestock losses fiom predators on sheep and lambs in Tesas amounted to $1.2 million in 1994 Predation is considered as the priinaly problem of the sheep and goat industiy by many producers When toxicants were banned for predator control in the 1970s, many producers ahd researchers began to explore other methods of predator management. Considerable attention was focused on European and Euraslan breeds of livestock guarding dogs. While the use of dogs was gaining populal-ity, many Texas sheep and goat producers began to use donkeys and mules as guard animals (Walton and Fe~ld 1989) Llamas have also been utilized as an efkct~ve means of predator deterrent (Franklin 1993), and othcr spcc~cs (e g. ratites) are often promoted for guarding animals The goal of predator management should be to protect livestock and minimize losses due to predators, not necessar~ly maximizing the take of predators. Public opposition to coyote population reductions will likely become even more apparent m the iuture. Livestock guarding animals Dogs. Livestock guarding breeds originated m Europe and Asia, where they have been used for centuries to protect sheep from wolves and bears. American stockmen have used guarding dogs since the mid1970s. Several breeds of dogs have been used for predator control; no particular breed has emerged as the most effective. The more common breeds include the Great Pyrenees of France, the Akbash and Anatolian Shepherd of Turkey, the Maremma of Italy, the Shar Planinetz of Yugoslavia and the Komondor of I-Iungaly. Most of the breeds range from 75 to over 100 pounds and stand 25 inches or taller at the shoulder. However, smaller mongl-el dogs have also been used successfully, especially when accompanied by herders (Black and Green 1985, Coppinger et al 1985). Several research projects have been conducted to deteimlne the eflectiveness of the various breeds under field conditions. Dogs can be used effectively in falm flock pastures, on open range and in feedlots Gua-d dogs have become a more widely recognized foim of predator control and therefore have increased in abundance and availability. In selecting a dog for guarding pulposes, one should consider all characteristics of that pal-ticular breed. Such traits include behavior, rate of matui-ity, aggressiveness and self-confidence, along with gender-specific traits and the number of dogs needed for the area to be protected. Buyers should also consider the bloodline of the guard dog and pmchase or lease a dog based on a history of proven results. There are many guard dog breeders; the Texas Depa~tment of Agriculture maintains a cwent listing of breeders within Texas. Guard dogs should be reared with a flock of sheep in order to secure a close bond between the dog(s) and the livestock. This act IS called socializat ~ o n and can be accompl~slied in vanous ways, depending on the dog and your situation. Dogs generally mature rather slowly, thus increas~ng the need to folm a bond between the dog and the sheep before the dog is introduced to a specific flock of sheep. Guard dogs may be pmchased as grown, mature adults ready to work, 01as young puppies with little experience. In either case, there must be some interaction with the dog and sheep before the guard dog is asked to earn h ~ s keep. Ideally, pupples should be placed with a flock of sheep in an enclosed ciivirontnent so the pup is not allowed to leave his flock. Pen the newlyweaned pup w~th 6 or more sheep for 8 to 16 weeks (until the pup reaches 5 months of age) near water, bedding ground or other points, whel-e the sheep gather (Lol-cnz and Copp~nger 1986) Aftelthis time, evaluate the dog's capbillties to dete~m~ne when it IS best su~ted to bc lcl't alone with sheep. Some ranchers choose to leave the dog with the sheep during the day and pen them at night T h ~ s allovs the puppy to become accustomed to being alone with the sheep for extended periods of time in an open environment. A pup is usually ready to guard livestock at about 8 months of age A good lnd~cator that you can leave your dog alone is that it stays with the sheep rather than following you as you leave the pasture (LoI-enz 1986). The cost of a livestock guard~ng dog varies among breeds and breeders, and depending on the level of maturity and train~ng. Comnion costs associated with guardian dogs include feeding, veterinary care and mamtenance. Costs associated with acqu~sition of the dog as well as the dog's longevity need to be figured in the overall cost to your operation. The average life span of a dog is 1012 years. However, untimely deaths take their toll during the early years, primarily because of acc~dcnts Effective use of dogs depends on their training, care and feeding. Factors to consider in the use of guard dogs include: severity of predation losses, pasture size, livestock habits (i.e., herding tendency, acceptance of dog), expense, the time involved in train~ng the dog, compatibility with other predator control methods in practice, and also the predator control methods used by adjacent ranches Dorzkeys arid trlules. Though livestock guarding dogs have received much attention in recent years, other an~mals (e g., donkeys) are also being used to deter predators. Donkeys and mules have been used w~th some success to reduce predation on sheep and goats from coyotes and dogs (Walton and Feild 1989). The effective use of guard donkeys capitalizes on the equines' herding ~nstincts and natural dislike of, and aggsessiveness towards, canines. Loud bray~ng may also be helpful in d~scouraging" @default.
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• W1602393440 date "1995-01-01" @default.
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• W1602393440 title "ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF PREDATOR CONTROL" @default.
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