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• W1602581609 abstract "IN DECEMBER 2006, U.S. Army published a new field manual, FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency (COIN). This FM identifies the ability to generate and sustain popular as an insurgency's center of gravity.1 Consequently, FM emphasizes importance of providing essential services (ES) to population as a way to attack this center of gravity. To focus efforts concerning ES, operational design for COIN includes a logical line of operation (LLO) dedicated entirely to provision of ES (hereafter called LLO ES). This article researches characteristics of activities along LLO ES in case of a particular type of insurgency that involves Islamic religious duties of and jihad. It defines what has been called zakat-jihad activism; analyzes it by using recent examples from Lebanon, Palestinian Territories, and Iraq; and derives most important implications for COIN operations along LLO ES. Finally, this article lists a number of precautions to take when conducting COIN operations along LLO ES against zakat-jihad activists. LLO ES By using zakat-jihad activism, Islamist insurgencies have seized initiative along LLO ES and occupy a position of advantage that they defend against counterinsurgents. Hence, one must plan and execute COIN activities along this line as deliberate military operations against a capable and determined foe, not as unopposed activities. The assumption that support source that meets their needs is basis of LLO ES.2 A good illustration of validity of this assumption in Western culture is change in attitude of German population toward American and British occupation forces after Berlin Airlift in 1948. Even pthough U.S. Air Force had carpet-bombed Berlin and destroyed it only three years earlier, service had to task an officer to handle grateful Berliners who wanted to give pilots gifts.3 The best example of assumption's validity in Muslim culture is success of militant movements like Palestine's Hamas and Lebanon's Hezbollah. These movements spend a large part of their resources on creating and maintaining infrastructure that provides ES to populace. It is no wonder, therefore, that both organizations enjoy great support among Palestinian people in particular, and Muslims in general. That both movements originated under Israeli occupation is no coincidence. As a Western-style, technologically developed democracy, Israel combines conventional military strength with a political system subject to public scrutiny and rule of law. On one hand, strength of Israel Defense Forces (IDF) precludes any attempt to challenge Israel symmetrically. The Six Day War and Yom Kippur War proved this convincingly.4 On other hand, public scrutiny and Israeli adherence to rule of (international) law ensure that Israel will not, for example, bomb Hezbollah aid convoys or reconstruction projects, services that could be broadly construed as threats to Israel's future security. The Israeli withdrawals from South Lebanon in May 2000 and from Gaza Strip in September 2005, forced in part because people had been won over to insurgent organizations' side by LLO ES, point to success of Hamas's and Hezbollah's overall strategy.5 This particular approach is zakat-jihad activism. Zakat-Jihad Activism According to Jonathan Benthall and Jerome Bellion-Jourdan, zakat derives from verb zaka which means to purify ... The meaning is usually taken to be that by giving up a portion of one's wealth, one purifies that portion which remains, and also oneself, through a restraint on one's selfishness, greed and imperviousness to other's sufferings. The recipient, likewise, is purified from jealousy and hatred of well-off.6 In Sunni interpretation of Qur'an, every Muslim should allocate 2.5 percent of his wealth to per lunar year. …" @default.
• W1602581609 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1602581609 date "2007-11-01" @default.
• W1602581609 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1602581609 title "S.W.E.T. and BLOOD: Essential Services in the Battle between Insurgents and Counterinsurgents" @default.
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