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• W1604550862 endingPage "296" @default.
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• W1604550862 abstract "•Malaria control and elimination could be enhanced by targeting human-to-mosquito transmission of the parasite. •A better understanding of which individuals in endemic populations infect mosquito vectors would improve targeting. •Studies that directly assessed the human infectious reservoir of malaria using xenodiagnostic approaches are critiqued. •Future direct assessments of infectious reservoir should consider factors affecting transmission potential, longitudinal infectivity to mosquitoes, and exposure to vectors. Renewed interest in malaria eradication has placed greater emphasis on the development of tools to interrupt Plasmodium transmission, such as transmission-blocking vaccines. However, effective deployment of such tools is likely to depend on improving our understanding of which individuals transmit infections to mosquitoes. To date, only a handful of studies have directly determined the infectiousness of individuals in endemic populations. Here we review these studies and their relative merits. We also highlight factors influencing transmission potential that are not normally considered: the duration of human infectiousness, frequency of sampling by mosquitoes, and variation in vector competence among different mosquito populations. We argue that more comprehensive xenodiagnostic assessments of infectivity are necessary to accurately quantify the infectious reservoir and better target interventions. Renewed interest in malaria eradication has placed greater emphasis on the development of tools to interrupt Plasmodium transmission, such as transmission-blocking vaccines. However, effective deployment of such tools is likely to depend on improving our understanding of which individuals transmit infections to mosquitoes. To date, only a handful of studies have directly determined the infectiousness of individuals in endemic populations. Here we review these studies and their relative merits. We also highlight factors influencing transmission potential that are not normally considered: the duration of human infectiousness, frequency of sampling by mosquitoes, and variation in vector competence among different mosquito populations. We argue that more comprehensive xenodiagnostic assessments of infectivity are necessary to accurately quantify the infectious reservoir and better target interventions. arthropod behavior describing a preference for resting indoors after blood feeding. arthropod behavior describing preference for blood feeding outdoors. arthropod behavior describing preference for resting outdoors after blood feeding outdoors. the sexual stages of the malaria parasite capable of reproduction in the mosquito. Female and male gametocytes circulate in the human peripheral blood, where they may be ingested by blood-feeding Anopheles mosquitoes and begin sexual development. xenodiagnostic assays developed to determine the infectiousness of Plasmodium gametocytes to Anopheles mosquitoes. Mosquito feeding assay may refer to skin feeding assays, in which mosquitoes are allowed to feed directly on a subject's skin, to direct membrane feeding assays, in which mosquitoes feed on venous blood from a subject maintained at body temperature in a membrane feeding device, or to standard membrane feeding assays, in which mosquitoes feed on cultured gametocytes in a membrane-based feeder system. malaria transmission may be described as perennial where environmental and climatic conditions allow parasite transmission throughout the year. malaria transmission may be described as seasonal where mosquito biting and thus transmission are clustered temporally, generally occurring following predictable periods of rain and subsequently decreasing in periods of drought. the development of humoral immunity to antigens present during gametocyte development. Antibodies specific to gametocyte antigens may be ingested along with mature gametocytes during blood feeding. If these antibodies target proteins essential for parasite development (e.g., Pfs48/45, Pfs230) and are sufficiently abundant, antibody interaction can prevent parasite development and transmission potential is reduced or entirely blocked. There is a growing body of evidence for the development of transmission-blocking immunity in individuals naturally exposed to malaria infection. in this context, is a method to determine the infectiousness of a potentially parasitized host (i.e., malaria-infected humans) by allowing vectors (i.e., mosquitoes) to feed on the subject. Infectiousness is assessed by the infection status of the vector (i.e., mosquito) after a suitable period of parasite development." @default.
• W1604550862 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1604550862 creator A5008023495 @default.
• W1604550862 creator A5031912931 @default.
• W1604550862 creator A5036396443 @default.
• W1604550862 creator A5037076197 @default.
• W1604550862 date "2015-07-01" @default.
• W1604550862 modified "2023-09-29" @default.
• W1604550862 title "Assessing the infectious reservoir of falciparum malaria: past and future" @default.
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• W1604550862 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.004" @default.
• W1604550862 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25985898" @default.
• W1604550862 hasPublicationYear "2015" @default.

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