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• W1605020389 abstract "Thyroid glands from 167 pheasants (Korea.n-Phasianus colchicus karpowi, PersianPhasianus colchicus persicus, green-Phasianus versicolor, and R.eeves-Syrmaticus reevesii) were examined to determine if there were a seasonal or sexual variation in (1) the weight of the thyroid gland and (2) thyroid activity as determined by histological techniques. A Thyroid Activity Index, which histologically rates thyroid activity from 1 to 5 (inactive to very active), was employed to evaluate the functional state of the gland. Five males and five females each of the pheasant groups were sacrificed in January, April, July, and October. Generally, the thyroid glands were most active in January and April and least active in July and October. An inverse relationship seemed to exist: the lighter the gland, the more active it is, and the heavier the gland, the less active it is. A great amount of data has been accumulated concerning seasonal variation in thyroid function in birds. Altered thyroid weight and morphology, as well as altered iodine metabolism, have been reported in several species of sparrows (Miller, 1939; Oakeson and Lilley, 1960), pigeons (Riddle, 1925, 1947), bob whites and Japanese quail (Kirkpatrick et al., 1962), mallard duck (Hohn, 1949), and the ringnecked pheasant (Greeley, 1953). There still remain, however, many unanswered questions regarding subtle differences in seasonal variation in organ function between closely related species and subspecies. It is becoming increasingly important in endocrinology to have information of this nature. As pointed out by Eleftheriou and Zarrow (1962), there are only a few studies which compare thyroid function in closely related species of animals. Closely related species of pheasants belonging to the family Phasianidae were selected for this comparative study of thyroid activity. Although native to Asia, several species and subspecies of the genus Phasianidae and of the genus Syrmaticus have been introduced into America. Several states are currently considering introducing some of these pheasant species into those habitats of their state to which the ringnecked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) has been unable to adapt. However, introduction of exotic species into regions where they are either ecologically or physiologically not suited almost always meets with failure. Before costly, large-scale, random introductions are made, it would be wise to determine whether these exotic species of pheasants are physiologically and ecologically adaptable to these new habitats. The thyroid gland, which helps regulate energy metabolism, has an important role in the adaptation of the birds to a new environment. It is well known that thyroid activity in most species of birds varies continually throughout the year. Apparently this variation in thyroid activity functions to adjust metabolism to the changing seasons. Several studies already completed (Moore, 1961; Siebert, 1963) have indicated that Reeves and green pheasants exhibit differences in energy metabolism throughout the year. The present study was designed to measure and compare differences in seasonal and sexual variation in thyroid gland activity in the Korean {Phasianus Manuscript received February 25, 1965. Supported in part by Pittman-Robertson funds W-105-R Ohio Division of Wildlife and Ohio University Research Grant #141. Present address: Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 66(4): 380, July, 1966. No. 4 SEASONAL THYROID ACTIVITY IN PHEASANTS 381 colchicus karpowi), Persian {Phasianus colchicus persicus), green {Phasianus versicolor), and Reeves (Syrmaticus reevesii) pheasants. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 167 pheasants was used in this study. All were raised at the Waterloo Wildlife Experiment Station, located in southeastern Ohio. They were housed in either flight or breeding pens and were exposed to the prevailing environmental conditions throughout the year. Generally, five males and five females of each of the four pheasant groups were sacrificed in April, July, October, and January. The thyroid glands were removed, freed of adhering tissue, weighed on a torsion balance to the nearest milligram, and placed in Bouin's fixative. The parathyroids, which are not imbedded in the thyroid glands of birds, were not included in the thyroid weights. They were prepared for microscopic examination by the paraffin method, sectioned at 10 fi, and stained with Harris' hematoxylin and eosin. The functional state of the thyroid gland was evaluated by means of a Thyroid Activity Index (table 1) modified from Davis and Davis (1954), Heyle and Laqueur (1934), and Saint-Girons and Duguy (1962) according to the following procedure: Three representative central cross sections of each thyroid gland were traversed along two diagonals at right angles to each other. Each cell lying along a diagonal was assigned to one of the five categories shown in table 1. For the majority of" @default.
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• W1605020389 title "Seasonal Variation in Thyroid Gland Activity in Pheasants" @default.
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