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• W1605417363 abstract "1. INTRODUCTION The sequestration of carbon by ecosystems, particularly terrestrial environments, has been the subject of much discussion since 1990, when the method was first recognized as a way to combat climate change. Since that point, ferocious debate has surrounded the evolving proposals, eventually leading to the collapse of one of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), and the United States walking out on the Kyoto regime. This article intends to show why this collapse occurred, discuss the bewildering array of concerns over carbon sinks, and reflect on the current state of play with regard to the question in the overall climate regime. II. THE POSSIBILITIES OF SINKS It is possible to sequester (suck up) carbon from the atmosphere and store it in reservoirs. A reservoir is a component of a climate system where a greenhouse gas or a precursor of a greenhouse gas may be stored. (1) The term sink is used to describe the process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas, aerosol, or precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. (2) Theoretically, sinks may either be oceanic or terrestrial in nature. The following sections describe these processes and explain their importance to the global climate change debate. A. Sequestration in the Ocean It is hypothesized that huge growths of plankton formed in the oceans 55 million years ago shortly after massive volcanic eruptions flooded the atmosphere with carbon dioxide. Arguably, this plankton played a key role in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and helping the Earth return to a more hospitable temperature. Moreover, contemporary studies suggest that the phytoplankton may currently be incorporating 45-50 billion metric tons of inorganic carbon into their cells every year. (3) This possibility has caused a number of scientists to suggest that plankton populations should be increased. (4) It has been shown that adding iron to the can make plankton bloom temporarily. (5) This bloom may accelerate the reduction of carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere; the microscopic organisms suck up dissolved carbon dioxide from the water, which in turn is replaced by carbon dioxide from the air. (6) As plankton die and settle on the floor, their cells decompose and carbon is locked up in the seabed, and is thereby removed from circulation. (7) This cycle causes the to act as a carbon sink. In theory, adding one ton of iron to the could lead to a bloom of plankton that could absorb up to 10,000 tons of carbon from the atmosphere. (8) Such possibilities also suggest that the ocean could be a relatively cheap option for reducing carbon dioxide buildup as compared to other reduction strategies. (9) Despite these possibilities, the limitations of this approach have become apparent. There was originally considerable quantitative uncertainty in this area, and it has now been shown that massive amounts of seeding would be required to make relatively small reductions in carbon dioxide build-up. (10) Further, dumping extra iron into the oceans may also disrupt ecological cycles. (11) In fact, seeding the oceans may actually encourage bacteria that produce methane and nitrous oxide. (12) It may also disrupt the nutrient patterns near the surface of the and detrimentally affect biological activity in areas such as with fisheries. (13) Finally, rather than causing an explosion of algae that would sequester carbon in the long term, seeding may simply give planktonic animals that feed on algae a massive free lunch in the short term. (14) Due to such limitations, sequestration in the has received little attention within the formal climate change regimes. Moreover, the Kyoto Protocol has limited emissions by sources and removals by sinks to land-use change and forestry activities, specifically afforestation, reforestation and deforestation. …" @default.
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• W1605417363 date "2003-03-22" @default.
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• W1605417363 title "Sinks and the Climate Change Regime: The State of Play" @default.
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