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• W1605707517 abstract "whereas characteristic literate discourse is informational, explicit and elaborate, and contains abstract information. Characteristic linguistic features of oral discourse are, for example, first and second person pronouns, stance verbs, hedges, emphatics and time and place adverbials. Oral discourse shows a relative absence of nouns, adjectives, prepositional phrases and wh-relative clauses. In effect, written and spoken text types take different positions along the oral/literate dimensions. This position is influenced by their mode of expressions, but also by their communicative purposes. Moreover, Biber concluded that written modes can relatively easily resemble oral discourse, but that spoken modes, although they may become more literate, never reach the level of the least literate written register. As Biber puts it “there seems to be a cognitive ceiling on the frequency of certain syntactic constructions in speech, so that there is a difference in the potential forms of the two modes” (1988: 163). Biber ascribes this to the difference in processing constraints of on-line versus off-line production; it is always more challenging to formulate lexically and syntactically complex text in on-line contexts, whereas in off-line contexts an author can choose either simple or complex phrasing and can even deliberately mimic an oral style for specific purposes. Biber thus developed a computerized method to statistically compare the linguistic behaviour of registers and identified six new dimensions that more extensively capture the range of register variation across many different English texts than a simple spoken/written-mode distinction. His comparative and contrastive approach enables the identification of statistically salient characteristics based on many text types as well as linguistic elements and thereby offers the possibility of a subtler register description. An example is the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber et al. 1999), which provides a description of the lexico-grammatical behaviour of four main text types, conversation, fiction, news and academic texts. These text types form the starting point for the Metaphor in Discourse project, enabling a comparison between Biber’s findings and the results of metaphor analysis. The possibilities of such a comparison will be explained in section 2.3. The following section reports on the status of metaphor research in the conversational realm." @default.
• W1605707517 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1605707517 creator A5025532007 @default.
• W1605707517 date "2012-01-01" @default.
• W1605707517 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1605707517 title "Metaphor in Conversation" @default.
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