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• W1608073904 abstract "Be it Nils Gaup's seminal film Ofelas (Pathfinder 1989), Nils-Aslak Valkeapaa's Beaivi, ahcazan (The Sun My Father 1989), or the infamous Alta-Kautokeino dam conflict (IWGIA 1981), contemporary Saami socio-political and cultural activism revolves around issues of land and its use. The safeguarding of Saami modes of land and resource exploitation has been accomplished through the invocation of indigenous people's rights and the claim that Saami people maintain a unique relation with the terrain and its essence (Rantala 1982). Similar assertions have been made regarding indigenous peoples in Canada (Brody 1975, Brody 1982) and, in the Nordic regions, the Faroese (Wylie and Margolin 1981). The question remains, however, as to how and to what extent Saami notions of land have altered over the last several centuries. How did, for example, nineteenth-century Saami conceptualize place and land and to what extent did this conceptualization play a role in personal and communal identity? How did various Saami groups view the Russians, Finns, Scandinavians, and other Saami who lived beside or among them and who used the land in different ways? In this essay, I propose to explore this complex of issues by examining place as a narrative category in stories collect by the linguist A.V. Koskimies during his time among the Inari Saami (1880s). These stories demonstrate the persistence of ancient dichotomies between inside and outside expressed through differential associations with the natural terrain. The symbolic system maintained its currency among nineteenth-century Inari Saami despite the fact that the siida system itself and Inari culture in general had undergone tremendous changes by the time of Koskimies arrival. Before proceeding to the narratives collected by Koskimies, we need to review some aspects of Inari culture and its historical transformation. The great lake Inari of northern Finland, not far from the Arctic Ocean (and called in Saami Anar), has long supported a culture distinct from that of other Saami communities. During the last half of the nineteenth century, this distinctiveness was based on at least four key factors: 1. A distinctive dialect, the study of which led Koskimies to collect and transcribe the stories which form the basis of the present study; 2. A distinctive life style based on fishing and farming; 3. A breakdown of the siida organization and a compensatory reliance on Finnish juridical and social organizations; 4. A strong acceptance of Lutheranism and related cultural phenomena, for example literacy (Nickul 1977). The other Saami communities to the east and west displayed differing degrees of adaptation to non-Saami culture: the forest Saami of the Suenjel siida, for example, retained traditional modes of land use and migration into the twentieth century, while many other coastal, forest, and mountain groups underwent various cultural transformations in response to colonization, border regulations, resource depletion, and relocation. The complexity of these historical factors are such that no easy characterization of Saami cultural change can be offered: rather, we must examine cultural change on a region-by-region basis (Nickul 1977, Fjellstrom 1985). From a linguistic or life-mode perspective, the notion of a single nineteenth-century Saami people hardly seems adequate, although a strong case can be made for contemporary Saami ethnicity (Aikio and Aikio 1986). Eugeen Roosens's (1989) discussion of ethnogenesis within political contexts is useful in understanding how the long-standing and divisive differences between various Saami communities have been overcome during the current pan-Saami cultural revival. The finding of common ground among Saami has important socio-political goals: pan-Saami cultural identity offers an effective means of asserting local rights and of reversing the tradition of political disenfranchisement and cultural devaluation familiar to colonized indigenous peoples in general. …" @default.
• W1608073904 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1608073904 date "1995-01-01" @default.
• W1608073904 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1608073904 title "Insider and Outsider: An Inari Saami Case" @default.
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