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• W160825826 abstract "When we examine the Ten Commandments [aseret ha-dibrot] as we find them in Exodus 20 and in Deuteronomy 5, we are puzzled by the fact that instead of a list of ten positive principles, seven of them are prohibitions which begin with the words you shall not. One might have expected a solemn declaration of religious and ethical principles to contain positive affirmations rather than negative ones like you shall not murder or you shall not commit adultery. We know that legislators have always made a distinction between fundamental principles, as we find them in the constitution of democratic nations, and their legal and practical applications as we find them included in codes of jurisprudence. In a similar way, the Torah makes a distinction between positive precepts which contain basic affirmations [mitzvot aseh] and negative rules of conduct [mitzvot lo ta-aseh] whose purpose it is to make sure that we do not transgress the basic principle. If we examine the Commandments, we may soon recognize that behind every one of the prohibitions is an underlying sublime affirmation of a basic principle of religion and morality. As in any code of jurisprudence, the practical rule is meant to safeguard the positive affirmation which inspired it. Looking at the prohibitions of the second tablet, those which contain the mitzvot bein adam le-h'avero [ethical imperatives toward our neighbor], we may recognize the positive affirmations from which they are derived. shall not murder is meant to enforce the principle You must respect the sanctity of human life which is an ethical principle of cardinal importance. The Sixth Commandment is thus teaching us that the best way of respecting the lives of our fellow human beings is to make sure that no one will attempt to take them away by violence. shall not commit adultery is derived from the principle which might have been expressed as Respect the integrity of the family institution. The person who commits adultery is showing utter disrespect for the basic law of marriage. shall not steal corresponds to the fundamental principle which might be expressed as You must respect the right of people to enjoy what belongs to them. shall not bear false witness is the application of a basic principle which might have stated You must respect truth in human relations. shall not covet is a rule of personal ethics which flows from the principle which might have been worded as You must find happiness within the confines of the human gifts which were allotted to you. Even though it does not have a direct impact on the welfare of our fellow human beings, this last commandment has the potential to do so. The person who covets what belongs to someone else may be led to lie, cheat, steal, commit adultery, and even murder a person in order to satisfy his sinful desire. If people were to observe scrupulously this last commandment of the Decalogue, there would be no need anymore for the four which precede it. For that reason, this last precept might have been stated at the top of the list of the ethical commandments. Concerning the affirmations of the first tablet, which concern primarily our relationship to God, the mitzvot bein adam la-Makom [religious obligations to God], the same method of interpretation can be applied, though the Fifth Commandment (honor your father and mother) may also belong to the ethical commandments of the second tablet. I am the Lord your God is an affirmative declaration of the dominion of the Almighty over the universe and His authority as the Lawgiver. Maimonides (Sefer Hamitzvot, Positive Commandment 1) stated that this commandment implies that we must accept the sovereignty of God, that He has created everything that exists, and that He watches over the destinies of all His creatures. This commandment is actually formulated in an affirmative way. shall have no other gods implies that God is unique and the only God. …" @default.
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• W160825826 title "The Ten Commandments as Positive Affirmations" @default.
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