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• W1609851289 abstract "Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective, non-intrusive, and easily deployed tool for defining the shallow stratigraphy around a variety of landforms (13). At Meteor Crater, Arizona (3501'30N; 11101'15W). GPR can be used to measure the accumulation of erosional products and place limits on the relative planation of exposed and adjacent buried ejecta surfaces. Such information constrains the preservation state of the ejecta deposits surrounding the crater and helps to distinguish between morphology related to primary emplacement and subsequent erosion. Previous GPR studies at the crater using a variety of transducer frequencies provided penetration depths of several meters around (4-6) and tens of meters inside the crater (7). The present study used a continuously profiling GPR with a 500 Mhz transducer along transects through alluvial and in situ ejecta deposits outside the crater. Results demonstrate that the ejecta deposit remains relatively undissected and largely preserved, thereby supporting recent estimates of low erosion at the crater (8). Data were collected and processed using a fully digital SIR-lOa subsurface profiling radar and RADAN I11 software. Transects were completed through alluvial and ejecta deposits on the west, southwest, south, southeast, and northeast sides of the crater at ranges between 0.4-3.OR (0.25-1.8 km). Intentional variations in strike along transects yielded continuous data collection over distances of nearly 3 km. Sample pits and discrete reflectors at known depth established groundtruth for the radar transects including dielectric constants and corresponding radar pulse travel times. For ejecta dominated by fragments of the Permian Kaibab Formation, the dielectric constant is fairly uniform around the crater (ranging between 4.0-5.3). Corresponding one-way pulse travel times are 13.0-14.5 cmlns. Dielectric constants in alluvium derived from the ejecta are slightly higher at 7.3 and 10 for deposits containing significant Kaibab and Coconino ejecta debris, respectively. The one-way pulse travel time in Kaibab alluvium is 11 cmlns, whereas a travel time of 9 cmlns characterizes the Coconino alluvium. Such values are typical of dry blocky and sandylsilty materials (9). GPR profiles through alluvium delineate stratigraphic relationships between the deposits and the surrounding in situ ejecta to depths of 1-3 m. Interpretation of these data indicate that buried ejecta surfaces are largely unincised by drainages. Consequently, deposition of the alluvium was not preceded by significant fluvial dissection of the ejecta. This conclusion is consistent with gradients of ejecta surfaces that can be traced continuously beneath the alluvium, thereby indicating minimal vertical denudation following alluvial deposition. Where not impeded by calcic soil development andlor high soil moisture, the GPR confirms the generally superficial nature of the alluvium and can generally distinguish deposits mapped as being Holocene versus Pleistocene in age (10). Transects crossing small alluvial fans on the southwest crater flank (-0.4-0.55R) indicate that the alluvium is less than 2 meters thick. Sediments comprising these deposits reflect relatively minor erosion of up gradient Coconino ejecta exposures. Not only do alluvial grains derived from erosion and transport of the Coconino ejecta decrease rapidly down the drainage, but the preserved volume represents a significant fraction of the entire inventory of fluvially transported Coconino ejecta. GPR data collected at greater range west and south of the crater delineates the distal margin of the continuous ejecta at a range beyond that defined by surficial surveys. When confirmed by excavation, these data reveal that continuous ejecta remain preserved beneath a relatively thin veneer of colluvium (-20-40 cm thick) at" @default.
• W1609851289 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1609851289 date "1994-03-01" @default.
• W1609851289 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
• W1609851289 title "Erosion of Ejecta at Meteor Crater, Arizona: Further Constraints from Ground Penetrating Radar" @default.
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