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- W1613858929 abstract "Operating pressures for hydrogen utilization equipment may or may not be different from those for natural gas equipment. If the operating pressures and piping are unchanged, we conclude: Existing in-place components and piping with the possible exception of meters should be adequate for hydrogen delivery. Due to the required flow increase of hydrogen, mechanical limitations of in-place meters will probably necessitate replacement with similar but larger capacity meters. In isolated situations, the difference in pipe flow characteristics of natural gas and hydrogen may necessitate a small increase either in delivery pressure or pipeline volume to provide equivalent energy delivery rates. The hydrogen-to-natural gas volumetric leak ratio for individual components will range from 2.5 to 5 and possibly greater, depending on the permeation characteristics of the material of construction and the joining methods. Although the overall hydrogen-to-natural gas volumetric leak ratio for a given distribution system could range from about 2.9 to 3.5, the increase in energy loss from leakage will be minimal and may in fact be less. This will depend on the properties of the natural gas being replaced and the type of leakage dominating. Six-month exposure to hydrogen will not affect the mechanical or physical properties of metallicmore » materials of system components. Due to hydrogen's wider flammability range and low ignition energy, large leaks from pipeline breakage (or other modes of failure) may be significant safety hazards. Special pipeline repair, replacement and addition procedures will need to be devised. Added monitoring and control devices may be necessary at high pressure or high volume distribution locations. Joule Thomson effects, when encountered, will be minute and will not affect operations. Hydrogen leaks (to the atmosphere) will not ignite spontaneously without an ignition source; hydrogen escaping from a leak expands somewhat adiabatically and cools.« less" @default.
- W1613858929 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1613858929 date "1978-01-01" @default.
- W1613858929 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W1613858929 title "Study of the behavior of gas distribution equipment in hydrogen service update 1978" @default.
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