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• W161606194 abstract "failure of peace operations in Africa can only be partly attributed to the agents or modalities of these operations. Such operations fail because they attempt to avert the collapse of illegitimate, rapacious and coercive states. Increasingly, in the post-Cold War era, African states have become primary targets of United Nations (UN) peace operations. These peace operations have expanded concepts and practices of that dominated UN operations during the Cold War. At that time, due to the ideological tension between the United States and the former Soviet Union, the UN conducted mainly classic peacekeeping missions. This type of involved the deployment of small and lightly armed multinational forces to help observe and maintain ceasefire agreements among former combatants. By contrast, in the post--Cold War era, as Dutch notes, the scope of UN peace operations has expanded considerably. (1) These operations now include such functions as preventive border presence, ceasefire observation and force separation, voluntary weapon control, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants into society, refugee or internally displaced-person relief, post-conflict reconstruction, observing/supervising/conducting/certifying elections, human rights monitoring and many others. (2) Unsurprisingly, given their scope and complexity, these operations have produced uneven outcomes. The UN's mixed results in peacekeeping, this paper argues, are only partly attributable to the nature of the organization. The main problem resides in the nature of the target states and, more generally, the anarchic and state-centric system within which they and the UN operate. Put simply, although several important constraints--financial, political and administrative--have hampered UN peace operations in Africa, they are not the primary cause of failure. UN operations do not guarantee sustainable peace even when a political settlement between the combatants is in place. As the examples of Angola and Mozambique demonstrate, internal factors, not external intervention, determine war or peace. Given their brittle nature and the existence of powerful centrifugal forces, it is reasonable to expect several more African states to fail and collapse into anarchical bloodletting before viable and more inclusive frameworks for nation-state building are found. In other words, Africa will continue to present major challenges for the UN into the foreseeable future. FAULTY FRAMEWORKS The UN and the Westphalian Construct in Africa UN peace operations are generally praiseworthy from a humanitarian perspective in the sense that they help mitigate human suffering. Paradoxically, however, they rarely address the fundamental issues that endanger the viability of many African states and cause this human suffering in the first place--i.e., political instability, economic decay and social dislocation. In other words, while UN peace operations allow brittle and nonviable African states to survive in the short term, they cannot guarantee their long-term stability and viability, let alone democratic governance or economic development. Indeed, peace operations postpone the domestic struggles that inevitably accompany complex processes of state-building. From this perspective, UN peace operations in Africa succeed mainly in promoting and sustaining the Westphalian system in a peripheral region. Such operations do not automatically strengthen African states' domestic relevance or international significance. The UN's role within the current international system is unsurprising. Indeed, this organization was created after the Second World War as an instrument to stabilize and strengthen the international system that emerged after the end of the Thirty Years War. Ironically, the current international system--based on the principle of state sovereignty that brought peace and stability to Europe after the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648--has created serious and unwieldy contradictions in Africa. …" @default.
• W161606194 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W161606194 date "2002-03-22" @default.
• W161606194 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W161606194 title "Peace Operations in Africa: Preserving the Brittle State? (Regional Perspectives)" @default.
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