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• W1619612999 abstract "The issue of who formed the Constitution - the people of the United States acting as one people group or as many distinct people groups - is an issue that directly affects the rights of the American people and the manner in which the people may define, exercise, and circumscribe their rights. In U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, several Justices on the United States Supreme Court debated whether the people acted as one people group or as multiple people groups when they formed the constitutional Union. Justice Stevens, who wrote for the majority, did not give a detailed analysis of this issue. Thus, the issue remains fairly open, and when it reappears before the Court, the Court needs to address it forthrightly, explicitly, thoroughly, and correctly.The stakes in this debate are high. If the people of America acted as one people group to form the Constitution, then they reserved to themselves as one body all the rights not delegated to the Federal Government or to the state governments. Under this view, the people of Virginia as a corporate body have no rights; only the people of America as a whole possess rights, and only this national people group can stipulate how those rights will be exercised. If rights may be exercised only by the people of the nation as a whole, a simple majority of the nation’s populace controls the exercise of reserved rights under the Tenth Amendment for all Americans. However, if the people of each state may determine how they wish to exercise their reserved rights for themselves, this can potentially accommodate the views and desires of more people and allow cultural diversity to prevail over cultural uniformity and conformity. The manner in which this issue is resolved will determine whether America is diverse or uniform respecting the exercise of popular rights.The historical evidence surrounding the ratification of the Constitution strongly supports the proposition that the separate people groups of the individual states formed the Constitution. The political status of the people of the United States before the Constitution was that of thirteen independent and sovereign peoples, not of one politically unified mass of people. Thus, when the people acted to form the constitutional Union, they were acting as numerous separate people groups. Furthermore, the fact that each state ratified the Constitution for itself shows that the people of each state acted independently of the people of other states in deciding whether the people of each state would be subject to the Constitution. A simple majority of the American populace as a whole did not make this decision on behalf of the entire nation. Also, the official state ratifications of the Constitution demonstrate that the people of each state acted self-consciously as such to ratify the Constitution for each state individually. Finally, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson supported the idea of separate states with their own politically distinct people groups.The evidence is available, and the Supreme Court should recognize it. Sovereignty resides in the people - not in the people of the nation as a whole, but in the separate peoples of the individual states." @default.
• W1619612999 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1619612999 creator A5024831827 @default.
• W1619612999 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W1619612999 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
• W1619612999 title "U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton: Who are the People and Why Does it Matter?" @default.
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