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• W1623399595 abstract "Oceanic island basalts (OIBs) have been central to understanding evolution o fthe Earth and mantle because their isolated positions in ocean basins limit the potential for magma contamination by continental crust. Melting processes (e.g., percentage melting) affect OIB chemistry but isotopic and trace-element ratios provide information on mantle-source compositions. They indicate that OIB mantle sources represent mixtures between mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle and four other mantle components: EM1 (enriched mantle 1), EM2, HIMU (High U/Pb = Hi µ) and FOZO (FOcal ZOne). Mass-balance and noble-gas arguments indicate that most of the mantle is depleted but He and Ne isotopes, and convergence of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic arrays suggest that FOZO is a somewhat primitive (unmelted) component common to all oceanic basalt sources. The other components contain materials such as basaltic ocean floor (HIMU), pelagic sediments (EM1), oceanic plateaus (EM1), subcontinental lithosphere (EM1, EM2), terrigenous sediments or subducted continental crust (EM2), which have been recycled by subduction processes, and mixed back into the depleted mantle. How these components cycle through the mantle is debated but heterogeneities occur on all length-scales. One school argues that oceanic islands develop above mantle plume convection cells that deliver recycled components and FOZO (lower mantle?) for mixing with depleted upper mantle. Others contend that propagating cracks in the lithosphere create oceanic islands, that plumes do not exist, that the upper and lower mantle are isolated and depleted, and that MORB and OIB form from the same upper-mantle reservoir. Small-scale melting allows OIB to sample local, low-melting-point heterogeneities that are averaged-out by the large-scale melting that forms MORB. These radically different views of mantle structure and composition indicate that OIB will continue to be a focal point in studies of Earth's evolution. SUMMAIRE L'etude basaltes d'iles oceaniques (BIOs, ou OIBs en anglais) s'est avere essentielle pour la comprehension de l'evolution de la Terre et de son manteau, et cela, de par l'isolement de ces iles dans les bassins oceaniques, ce qui limite les possibilites de contamination par materiaux de la croute continentale. Les mecanismes de fusion (le pour-centage de fusion par ex.) delimitent la composition chimique BIOs, mais les ratios isotopiques et elements traces permettent d'obtenir indications sur la composition sources mantelliques. Ils indiquent que les sources mantelliques BIOs sont melanges de basaltes de dorsales oceaniques (BDOs ou MORBs en anglais) de quatre autres composantes du manteau, soit EM1 (enriched mantle), EM2, HIMU (ratio eleve de U/Pb= Hi µ), et FOZO (FOcal ZOne). Les etudes bilans massiques et gaz nobles indiquent que la plus grande partie du manteau a subit un appauvrissement, mais les isotopes He et Ne, ainsi que la convergence ensembles isotopiques Sr-Nd-Pb portent a penser que la composante FOZO serait de composition a peu pres primitive (n'aurait pas subit de fusion) qui serait commune a toutes les sources de basaltes oceaniques. Les autres composantes renferment des materiaux issus de plancher oceanique basaltique (HIMU), de sediments pelagiques (EM1), de plateaux oceaniques (EM1), de lithosphere souscontinentale (EM1 et EM2), de sediments terrigenes ou de croutes continentales enfouies (EM2) et qui ont ete recycles par mecanismes de subduction et reinjecte dans les materiaux appauvris du manteau. La facon dont ces composantes sont recyclees dans le manteau fait l'objet de discussions serrees et on observe la presence d'heterogeneite a toute echelle. Une ecoles de pensee soutient que les iles oceaniques se forment au-dessus de cellules de convection de panaches mantelliques qui apportent composantes recyclees et de la FOZO (manteau inferieur?) et les melangent avec les couches superieures appauvries du manteau. D'autres croient plutot que ce sont fissures de la croute qui permettent la formation iles oceaniques, qu'il n'y pas de panaches, que les couches inferieures et superieures du manteau sont isolees et appauvries et que les BIO et les BDO sont formes a partir materiaux meme couches superieures. Les BIO seraient le reflet de fusions d'heterogeneites locales a faibles temperatures de fusion, alors que les BDO seraient le resultat de fusions a grande echelle expliquant une composition correspondant a la moyenne de toutes les heterogeneites. L'existence de points de vue si radicalement opposes sur la structure et la composition du manteau demontrent que les BIOs seront encore l'objet d'etudes sur l'evolution de la Terre." @default.
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• W1623399595 date "2005-06-01" @default.
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• W1623399595 title "Igneous Rock Associations 5. Oceanic Island Volcanism II: Mantle Processes" @default.
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