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- W1624182457 abstract "We report our latest results obtained on HgCdTe Avalanche Photo-Diodes (APDs) and FPAs manufactured at CEALETI in collaboration with Sofradir as a part of our common R&D effort DEFIR. At DEFIR, e-APDs and dedicated read-out integrated circuits (ROIC) are currently being developed to address both low light passive amplified imaging, to be used, for example, in wavefront correction or fringe tracking in astronomy, and for active laser assisted imaging. The gain, noise and sensitivity performances were measured in planar homo-junction APDs with Cd compositions between xCd=0.3 to 0.41. Exponentially increasing gain, synonym of exclusive electron multiplication, was observed in all the devices up to M>600, associated with low noise factors F=1.2. Zero-flux measurements showed that the equivalent input dark current, Ieq_in, decreases with increasing band-gap, showing that the sensitivity can be optimized in high xCd e-APD, at the expense of a higher reverse bias which has to be compatible with the read-out integrated circuit (ROIC). A record low value of Ieq_in=2 aA, corresponding to 12 electrons per second, was obtained in a λc=2.9 μm e-APD at M=24, showing that the e-APD technology is compatible with ultra low flux applications, such as wavefront sensing, which need long integration times. ROICs have been designed for passive and active laser assisted imaging with a format of 320x256 and a pixel pitch of 30 μm. A passive imaging ROIC is currently being designed for astronomical applications and aims for a full frame readout speed of 1.5 kHz with an equivalent input noise lower than 2 electrons. Two active imaging ROICs have already been validated with e-APD arrays. A dual mode passive and active 2D (range gated) FPAs have been made using e-APDs with cut-off wavelengths ranging from 2.9μm to 5.3μm at T=80 K. On the best devices, the operability in gain and noise exceeds 99.6% and relative gain dispersion lower than 10 %, independently of the wavelength at gains M=10-100. Finally, the exclusive electron multiplication in the e-APDs is shown to enable linear mode photon counting at high gain and low dark count rate, associated with a low timing jitter ∆t<100ps." @default.
- W1624182457 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1624182457 date "2009-01-01" @default.
- W1624182457 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W1624182457 title "HgCdTe APD- Focal Plane Array development at DEFIR for low flux and photon-counting applications." @default.
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