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• W162511441 endingPage "295" @default.
• W162511441 startingPage "275" @default.
• W162511441 abstract "Opioids remain the basis for the treatment of patients with postoperative pain, but they have several well-documented and important drawbacks. Respiratory depression, sedation, and impaired conscious level have always been of concern, but it is now clear that other opioid side effects represent significant limitations of their use. In particular, the need for the acute rehabilitation of surgical patients, with earlier mobilization and rapid return to normal nutrition and activity after the surgical procedure,92 has resulted in a radical reappraisal of opioid use.67, 85 A good example of this is ambulatory surgery, in which it is impossible to rely only on powerful opioids for postoperative pain relief when the patients are being discharged from hospital care so soon after anesthesia and surgery. Modern medical practice, therefore, dictates the use of alternative, nonopioid analgesics to complement and sometimes replace opioids to improve analgesia, minimize side effects, and facilitate acute rehabilitation after surgery. Other convincing reasons exist for using nonopioid analgesics for postoperative pain relief. The current understanding of the pathophysiology of pain indicates that multiple and diverse processes are involved at the site of tissue damage in the periphery, in the peripheral nerves, in the spinal cord, and in the brain, with powerful descending efferent modulating pathways being activated. Control of this complicated pathophysiologic process requires the use of a range of pharmacologic modalities, as in the use of balanced, or multimodal, analgesia. Researchers are interested in the possibility of using preemptive analgesia, including nonopioid analgesics, to minimize the pathophysiologic response to surgery. The possible roles of nonopioid analgesics in providing postoperative pain relief are discussed under the following headings. Problems and limitations associated with opioids and the need for alternative postoperative analgesics Pathophysiology of pain and nonopioid analgesics Pharmacology of nonopioid analgesics Role of nonopioid analgesics in multimodal analgesia Role of nonopioid analgesics in preemptive analgesia Role of nonopioid analgesics in treating patients with acute postoperative neuropathic pain Because the use of regional analgesia for postoperative pain relief is discussed elsewhere in this issue, it is not considered here; however, the specific systemic use of local anesthetic agents, including lidocaine, as nonopioid analgesics for the control of acute severe postoperative neuropathic pain is examined." @default.
• W162511441 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W162511441 creator A5058336322 @default.
• W162511441 creator A5086400227 @default.
• W162511441 date "1999-04-01" @default.
• W162511441 modified "2023-10-06" @default.
• W162511441 title "ANALGESIC AGENTS FOR THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD" @default.
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