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- W1628283445 abstract "Water is often classed as the universal solvent because most elements and their compounds dissolve to some extent in it. Compared to other matrices, water has a high dilution for all substances held in solution. Trace elements in water show similar variations. Trace elements are often present at relatively high levels in natural waters because of anthropogenic input. Trade effluents and sewage effluents are frequently enriched in heavy metals. Owing to the wide variation in water quality, dissolved metals are present in varying speciation. Metals frequently occur in the ionised form as hydrated cations. However, they are present as oxyanions or complexed to varying degrees with anionic ligands. They occur in different oxidation states depending on the redox potential of the water and, in waters with a high organic content such as crude sewage effluent, a significant fraction are complexed with organic compounds or present as organometallic species. Sample collection is an important stage in the monitoring of waters for trace elements because, by transferring water from its natural environment into a sampling container, the dynamic equilibrium of the chemical and biological species are altered." @default.
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- W1628283445 date "1982-01-01" @default.
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- W1628283445 title "Chapter 4a Water and effluents" @default.
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- W1628283445 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9244(08)70083-0" @default.
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