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- W1628677423 abstract "Recent observations of the effects of lightning on the middle and upper atmosphere have revealed several new dynamical effects of sprites and yielded initial estimates of the total internal energy, including energy residing in nonradiative vibrational states. High speed images (1000 fps) of sprite development and decay show evidence of modification of the local atmosphere by sprites, which may in turn affect the form of subsequent sprites occurring in the same region. Small, relatively long lived (∼100s ms) statinary “balls” are often observed within the decaying regions of some sprite tendrils. Calculations of diffusion time scales for the balls are roughly consistent with thermal diffusion, but the relatively long lifetime of the balls relative to nearby tendrils suggests that other processes, perhaps chemical in nature, are operative to extend the lifetime of the balls. Other contrasting features within sprites include an invariably spatially diffuse top and highly structured tendril bottoms. Following the suggestion of Williams [2000], we test as a possibly useful plasma parameter the number of electrons per electron-neutral collision volume for being potentially able to account for the clear separation between the highly structured tendril lower region and the diffuse upper regions of sprites. Models of spectrographic measurements of sprites obtained in 1998 sugges that substantial energy resides in nonradiating vibrational states of both molecular nitrogen and oxygen, in addition to the energy associated with the N2(1PG) optical emissions. Estimates of the internal energy of sprites are ∼1 GJ for a large event." @default.
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- W1628677423 date "2002-01-01" @default.
- W1628677423 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W1628677423 title "Effects of lightning on the middle and upper atmosphere: Some new results" @default.
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- W1628677423 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0964-2749(02)80228-1" @default.
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