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- W1630962325 abstract "Interpretations of the composition of the surface of Europa have been controversial, with different identifications resulting in correspondingly different implications for the origin and evolution of the satellite. The surface of Europa has an unusual water spectrum that has previously been interpreted as resulting from sulfate and carbonate salt minerals. However, the spectra of such minerals at the temperatures of Europa's surface have features which preclude their presence. This has led some investigators to postulate an unspecified hydrated mineral as the cause, and the term non-icy is now generally used to describe the Europa material. Europa's non-icy spectrum has also been interpreted as a sulfuric acid hydrate. Sulfuric acid hydrate spectral features are not unique to sulfuric acid, because other acids show similar features. These features are interpreted here as being due to hydronium, H3O, in the ice structure. Thus, Europa's non-icy material is interpreted as being due to hydronium. Hydronium ice may be caused by ionization defects in regular ice due to bombardment by magnetospheric particles, implantation of protons in the ice surface, or endogenic processes indicating an acidic ocean, or all three. Hydrogen peroxide also has been identified on Europa, and hydrogen peroxide-acid mixtures provide close matches to Europa's non-icy material. This too may be caused by ionization defects from the particle bombardment, or may indicate an ocean of acid and hydrogen peroxide. Spectra of Ganymede and Callisto show spectral characteristics of the Europa water-hydronium-peroxide ice, but with less intensity and are consistent with an exogenic modification of the surfaces by particle bombardment, rather than decreasing amounts of salt and oceanic processes as one moves away from Jupiter." @default.
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- W1630962325 date "2003-12-01" @default.
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- W1630962325 title "The Surface Composition of Europa: Mixed Water, Hydronium, and Hydrogen Peroxide Ice" @default.
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