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• W163381584 abstract "Many students enter high school unskilled in the art of reading to learn from science textbooks. Even students who can read full-length novels often find science books difficult to read because students have relatively little practice with the various types of expository text structures used by such textbooks (Armbruster 1991). Expository text structures include generalization, cause and effect, classification, sequence, compare and contrast, and enumeration (Cook and Mayer 1988). An author using the generalization structure, for example, states a generalized main idea statement and then proceeds to defend the argument with facts, reasons, or examples--the so-called supporting details. With the compare and contrast structure, an author relates the similarities and differences between two subjects. In an enumeration paragraph, a simple listing of elements is presented. In this article we present an activity using a modified form of the sentence completion or fill-in-the-blanks worksheet that reinforces students' fluency with expository structures. Importance of text structure knowledge Research has shown that reading comprehension and the recall of information are dependent on a student's ability to recognize organizational text structures (Cook and Mayer 1988). The recognition of an organizational pattern enables the student to form a mental representation of the information and to see the logical relationships advanced by the author. Good readers use textbook structure to abstract main ideas and to help them remember propositions from their readings. Text structure knowledge may also affect the writing process. Students who are taught to deconstruct text structures in reading passages improve their writing abilities. Literacy experts have found that a combination of writing and reading instruction is necessary for students to become aware of the informational text structures (Piccolo 1987). Experts suggest that students should first be given instruction on writing expository paragraphs. Students can then use these writing experiences to help them understand the different text structures. Teaching text structures Teachers regularly use the sentence completion worksheet to reinforce new vocabulary learning. In its usual form, the worksheet consists of incomplete sentences and a set of vocabulary words. Students are asked to simply complete the sentences with the appropriate vocabulary words. An example of such a worksheet is shown in Figure 1. Jose Montelongo introduced a simple modification of the sentence completion activity that potentially increases the qualitative power of the task in 2004. By embedding individual sentences from a cohesive expository paragraph amongst unrelated sentences, teachers can challenge the reading, writing, and classification abilities of students. To illustrate, we have adapted the exercise shown in Figure 1 to one in which several of the sentences form a sequence/order paragraph. The modifications are shown in Figure 2 (p. 30). The exercises in Figure 2 make use of exactly the same vocabulary words as those used in Figure 1. Again, students first choose the correct vocabulary word to complete each sentence. The second part of the task, however, requires students to cut out the sentences and separate the related sentences from the unrelated ones. In this example, there are five sentences about the water cycle beginning with evaporation and concluding with the return of rain to the sources of water. (The correct answers for this exercise are presented in boldface type.) After students have found the related sentences, students must unscramble and order them in a logical manner. The inclusion of an embedded paragraph exposes students to the different types of expository structures. While a sequence paragraph was used in our example, all other text structures might be used. With frequent use, students will learn to recognize the various text structures and will use this knowledge to guide their comprehension of the text. …" @default.
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• W163381584 date "2006-02-01" @default.
• W163381584 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W163381584 title "Teaching Expository Text Structures: A Vocabulary Activity to Improve Student Awareness of Text Structure and Context" @default.
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