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• W163555971 abstract "I wonder if I will ever return--I light a cigarette to trap fear of returning would mean.... I am afraid my place is at your side. I am afraid my place is in hills. This is a killing ambivalence. I bear in mind that you with all your cruelties are source of me, and like even most angry mother draw me back. (1) --Michelle Cliff, Land of Look Behind In her writing, both fictional and non-fictional, one of Michelle Cliff's primary goals is to show damage, perhaps irrevocable, done to people and societies by racialized, hierarchical systems she frequently describes as insane. Isolation, alienation, and self-delusion are endemic to such systems. A Jamaican American writer resident in United States, Cliff uses character Clare Savage as alter ego to examine which options would be open to her if she chose to return to Jamaica. Exile and migration have long been dominant themes in works of Caribbean writers. Contemporary women critics are redefining exile and migration in terms of how these conditions are experienced by Afro-Caribbean women specifically. In Searching for Safe Spaces: Afro-Caribbean Women Writers in Exile, Myriam Chancy provides two applicable definitions of exile, defining it first of all as the condition of consistent, continual displacement; ... radical uprooting of all that one is and stands for, in a communal context, without loss of knowledge of those roots ... forced nomadism from one geographical space to another (1). But exile is also what makes remaining in one's homeland unbearable or untenable (2). Chancy, among others, has delineated specific conditions that can make home a problematic space for women; these include: The threat of governmental/political persecution or state terrorism; poverty enmeshed through exploitative labor practices that over-work and underpay; social persecution resulting from one's dehumanization because of color, gender, sexuality, class standing; ... impossibility of imagining moments of leisure, moments for nurturance of soul.... Such indignities lead to suicide, violence, more poverty, a vicious cycle of hopelessness, or, finally, self-imposed exile, that is, emigration. (2) Residence in States has allowed Cliff to formulate a self-created identity in which she affirms herself as a writer and scholar, a lesbian, and a woman of mixed race. In novels Abeng and No Telephone to Heaven, Cliff reconstructs landscapes in which she has lived and uses Clare to explore problematics of migration and return. Abeng and No Telephone to Heaven chronicle twenty-five years of life and evolving self-concept of Clare Savage, a relatively privileged light-skinned Jamaican woman who chooses to become black-identified. In both novels, Cliff combines fiction, history, and autobiography in third person to recount Clare's quest for a place of belonging. Yet despite autobiographical aspects of novels, Cliff's presentation of Clare is detached and rather clinical. Clare's life is presented as a paradox to be explored rather than as a life for reader to experience vicariously. In both novels, personal relationships fractured by colorism are emblematic of distorted relations that prevail in societies governed by racialized ideologies. In a discussion of postcolonial writers of mixed race, Simon Gikandi uses term mulatto angst to represent anxiety created by their suspension between white and black traditions that have socially determined them, but that they cannot wholly embrace (238). In The Land of Look Behind, Cliff describes herself as a child of Jamaican Afro-Saxons--colorists who aspired to oppressor status and who were convinced that they could actually attain whiteness--or at least those qualities of colonizer which made him superior (72). As a writer, she has sought to come to terms with effects of this indoctrination and to discover what has been lost to me from darker side, and may be hidden, to be dredged from memory and dream (Look Behind 13). …" @default.
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• W163555971 date "2004-09-22" @default.
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• W163555971 title "Re-Negotiating Racial Identity: The Challenge of Migration and Return in Michelle Cliff's No Telephone to Heaven" @default.
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