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- W1640359061 abstract "Management of non-nativeSpartinaplants includingSpartinaalternifloraLois.,Spartina anglicaC. HubbandSpartinapatens(Ait.) Muhl. in Washington State, U.S. evolved duringthe 1990s from small-scale field trials to a large-scale integratedpest management program. The development and implementationof the program were significantly hindered bystakeholder conflict, particularly regarding the use of herbicidein estuarine environments. In 1995, Washington StateDepartment of Agriculture was appointed to manage theseinvasive species. Agency coordination and strategy reviewswere undertaken. A wide range of control techniques, includingphysical removal, mowing and herbicide, were established,with all techniques demonstrating considerablelimitations. The combination of mowing and herbicide providedthe greatest efficacy but was expensive. Developmentof biological control options is in progress but will take yearsto prove effectiveness forSpartinamanagement. Programprogress based on existing mapping and efficacy data is difficultto gauge. This program demonstrates thatSpartinaplants are difficult and expensive to eradicate. Between 1995and 2000, infestations increased in area by 250%, affectingmore than 8,093 ha of intertidal land. During this period, approximately15% of the infestation was treated annually. Althoughthe program has evolved considerably, substantiallyincreasing knowledge on the management ofSpartina, infestationsin Washington State continue to present a range ofmanagement challenges, including the development of astandardized and integrated mapping procedures, cost-effectivecontrol techniques and improvements to stakeholdermanagement." @default.
- W1640359061 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1640359061 date "2003-07-01" @default.
- W1640359061 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W1640359061 title "A Review of Spartina Management in Washington State, US" @default.
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