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• W164077383 abstract "The current study investigates the quantity and quality of intrusive thoughts (IT} experienced during the evacuation following a technological disaster. This study is aimed at evaluating which aspects of IT are related to increased frequency and disturbance of intrusive thoughts, as well as stress and coping outcomes. Participants were evacuees (N = 40} and a control group (N = 50) of a small community in Wisconsin. Evacuees were forced to leave their homes due to a train derailment and risk of explosion. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) measured frequency and avoidance of IT. The Thoughts Questionnaire (ITQ) assessed qualitative aspects of IT associated with disturbance, with additional items indexing whether or not thoughts are cued and/or unwanted. The Global Symptom Index (GSI) of Symptom Checklist 90 -Revised, a proofreading task, and the escape/avoidance sub scale of the Ways of Coping Inventory were used as stress outcome measures. Evacuees reported greater frequencies of intrusive thoughts and reported these thoughts to be more disturbing than did the control group. Disturbance of IT was related to stress outcomes more so than frequency of IT. Uncued thoughts that seem to pop out of the blue, unwanted thoughts, and thoughts which are avoided were experienced as more disturbing, with the avoidance effect stronger among evacuees than for the control group. Unwanted and avoided thoughts are associated with higher stress outcome measures. Findings suggest that intrusive thoughts are not necessarily destructive unless they are disturbing. Qualitative aspects such as unwanted and avoided thoughts may help predict who will develop posttraumatic symptoms. Thoughts and Stress during the Evacuation Phase of a Technological Disaster Survivors of traumatic experiences often report symptoms of intrusive cognitions following such an event. cognitions are thoughts or images related to the traumatic experience that seem to interrupt the victim's stream of consciousness by capturing the focus of attention. Intrusions related to a traumatic experience are often uncontrollable, upsetting, and unwanted, but may be a sign that the brain is trying to process what happened. thoughts are defined as unbidden, unintended, and uncontrollable thoughts or images of a past event, an anticipated event, or some other stimulus or situation (Horowitz, 1979). Intrusions can also take the form of sensory impressions, including stimuli that were present at the moment the event became traumatic (Elhers at al., 2002). Proponents of a cognitive processing model suggest that intrusive thoughts are an essential part of the recovery process following a traumatic event (Creamer, Burgess, & Pattison, 1990; 1992). The victim's conceptual framework, or schema, may not easily accommodate the trauma because of the qualitative difference between traumatic events and everyday life (Horowitz, 1986). Intrusions may serve the purpose of activating the trauma in working memory, allowing the mind to work through the event and integrate the trauma into pre-existing cognitive networks. However, intrusive thoughts may also be maladaptive. Baum (1990) proposes that stress may be re-experienced if the victim thinks about the traumatic event, or has intrusive thoughts. Baum, Cohen, & Hall (1993) identified intrusive thoughts as a factor in long-term posttraumatic stress. thoughts, such as uncontrollable memories, dreams, or flashbacks can have a continuing impact on psychological distress (Vickberg, Bovbjerg, Du-Hamel, Currie, & Redd, 2000). One study demonstrated that intrusive thoughts were associated with considerable, short-term distress (Hall & Baum, 1995). Negative and upsetting cognitions are characteristic symptoms of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may indicate continued stress responding and general disturbance (Dougall, Craig, & Baum, 1999). 2 However, many people report intrusions after a traumatic event and do not develop PTSD. For these individuals, the frequency and intensity of intrusions decrease over time. Many questions remain regarding why some intrusive thoughts are properly processed, while others continue to be particularly disturbing. Greenberg (1995) discusses a need to differentiate between intrusions that facilitate cognitive integration, and those that merely prolong psychological distress. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder suggests that the manner in which intrusions are appraised and processed may have an affect on the survivor (Steil & Ehlers, 2000). Some individuals are not bothered by intrusions, while for others they may be a source of psychological distress. Steil and Ehlers (2000) reported that dysfunctional meaning of intrusions (e.g. Intrusive thoughts mean I am going crazy) is a better predictor of distress than mere frequency of the thoughts. Individuals who are disturbed by their intrusions may experience more psychological distress than someone who accepts the thoughts as the mind's way of attempting to process the event. Steil and Ehlers (2000) found that negative idiosyncratic meanings for intrusive thoughts predicted avoidance-coping strategies. Escape-avoidance coping has been found to maintain intrusive thoughts (Falsetti, Monnier, Davis, &" @default.
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• W164077383 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W164077383 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W164077383 title "Intrusive Thoughts and Stress During the Evacuation Phase of a Technological Disaster" @default.
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