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- W164433339 abstract "As an iconic and predominantly endemic Australian family of mammals, the Macropodidae are synonymous with Australia’s faunal identity. Of the 53 known species prior to European settlement, six have since gone extinct, while many more have suffered significant reductions in range and number. Although individual threats each take their toll (for example human modification of the landscape, hunting, and the influx of invasive predators), it is the combined impact of multiple drivers of change that is of concern. This cumulative impact has the potential to expose even species typically considered common to extinction risk. Recent worldwide attention has been focused on the threat of roads on fauna, a threatening process now being seen as a potential tipping point for species struggling to survive. Here I discuss what is known of the role that roads play in threatening species in the Macropodidae. I examine the direct and indirect effects of roads by collating published information of fatalities (road-kill), landscape modification, and population persistence, contrasting impacts in urban and rural environments. I provide evidence that the impact of roads is more pervasive and potentially catastrophic for some species than previously thought. I discuss attempts to mitigate the impacts of roads on fauna and explore the long-term conservation implications for the Macropodidae. Roads as drivers of change Macropods: the Biology of Kangaroos, Wallabies & Rat-kangaroos. Coulson, G. & Eldridge, M. (eds.) Ramp – Page 2 Introduction The road environment, which includes the road, the road verge, and surrounding habitat, is increasingly recognised as a major form of environmental disturbance, or ‘driver of change’ (sensu Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). In the last 50 years, road networks around the world have been upgraded and expanded. Recognition of the potential for roads to severely impact on species initially stemmed from collisions with large fauna, primarily ungulates, in Europe and in North America. The effect of the road environment on biodiversity has now spawned a new research field, termed ‘road ecology’ (Forman 1998; Forman and Alexander 1998). The two most important contributions this field has made are (i) the documentation of just how universal and sizeable the impacts on the environment are and (ii) the documentation of how far impacts extend beyond the bitumen (Forman 2000; Ramp and Ben-Ami 2006). As research in this new field progresses, the considerable role roads play in causing animal fatalities, fragmenting and isolating populations, and ultimately increasing extinction risk is becoming increasingly, and disturbingly, clearer. Recognition of the impacts of the road environment on Australia’s biodiversity encompasses most taxa, yet it is collisions involving larger fauna that occupies the attentions of most conservation biologists and road safety researchers. Although much more research is needed, it is becoming apparent that the effect of the road environment on medium and large sized fauna in Australia, primarily populated by species in the family Macropodidae (with some notable exceptions – e.g. the common wombat, Roger and Ramp 2009), has the potential to cause species decline. Here I collate what is known of how macropodids, members of the Macropodidae, are affected by fatalities, landscape modification, and other indirect effects on population Roads as drivers of change Macropods: the Biology of Kangaroos, Wallabies & Rat-kangaroos. Coulson, G. & Eldridge, M. (eds.) Ramp – Page 3 persistence. I highlight the state of knowledge and identify areas of research that require further investigation so that the threat to species and populations can be understood and managed at both local and regional scales. Drivers of change The effect of roads must be considered within the context of the range of pressures facing biodiversity today. Unprecedented and multifaceted levels of anthropogenic drivers of change are a global challenge in efforts to conserve of biodiversity (Pimm and Raven 2000). Landscapes of all types are changing to support an expanding human population (Imhoff et al. 2004; Foley et al. 2005), while extinction rates highlight the pressing need to address threats to the effectiveness of conservation measures (Sekercioglu et al. 2004). The challenge for conservation biology is to identify drivers of biodiversity (Possingham and Wilson 2005; Wilson et al. 2005) and establish mechanisms to mitigate those drivers. In Australia, the landscape has changed markedly since European settlement. Past changes in biodiversity have been driven primarily by extrinsic processes like longterm climate change and continental movement, but current driving processes of biodiversity loss are unquestionably linked to human activities. The most important anthropogenic drivers are loss of vegetation cover, invasive species, overexploitation, disease, pollution, and rapid climate change (Mace et al. 2005). Drivers directly and indirectly affect ecosystems at many spatial and temporal scales, and with complex interactions. Understanding how these drivers and their interactions affect local populations, biodiversity and ecological functioning is essential to conservation and" @default.
- W164433339 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W164433339 creator A5043679472 @default.
- W164433339 date "2010-01-01" @default.
- W164433339 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
- W164433339 title "Roads as drivers of change for macropodids" @default.
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