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• W16454860 abstract "Laboratory and field investigations were carried out to obtain new information on the biology of Ixodes holocyclus. The bionomics of I.holocyclus were explored using additional and more detailed environmental regimes than previous workers. The speed of development increased with increasing temperatures for the parameters examined. For O example, eggs took a mean of 169 days to hatch at 15°C, 90.6 days at 20°C and 64.8 days at 25°C and larvae had a pre-moult period of 76 days at 15°C, 32 days at 20°C and 22.3 days at 25°C.Saturation deficits ranging from 1-10 mm. Hg. did not affect pre-oviposition or oviposition periods, but eggs laid at saturation deficits higher than 1-2 mm. Hg. did not hatch. Feeding times of larvae and nymphs remained constantregardless of variation from 15°C to 25°C in the temperatures at which the precedihg stages were raised. Males showed shorter pre-moult periods than females at all temperatures studied. At 25°C and a photoperiod of 12 hours dark, the mean male pre-moult period was 23.5 days and the mean female pre-moult period was 28.5 days. Female nymphs were heavier (mean 0.0131 gms) than male nymphs (mean 0.0098gms).The reproductive biology was examined, including the reproductive efficency of females and the fertilizing capacity of males. Male I.holocyclus do not require a blood meal to produce their elongate spermatids. They were found to be capable of up to 8 matings where viable sperm were produced, but females were usually inseminated once only. Sterile matings were frequent with ageing males and many couplings were found to produce no spermatophore. The occurrence of homoparasitism by male I. holocyclus was further investigated; 36.6% of 158 engorging females bore at least one (and up to 15) feeding lesion of the male, mostly on the ventral surface.The number of eggs (range 1,500->10,000) laid by a female correlated with the engorged weight (range 0. 1210-1. 230gms). No peak oviposition time was found. A plateau of oviposition (4-7% daily of total egg weight or number) was rapidly reached and remained relatively constant for most of the oviposition period. Ticks maintained at 15°C attained a lower plateau (3%)  than that reached by ticks at 20°C and 25°C.In the laboratory, larvae and nymphs of I.holocyclus were fed successfully on host animals, mainly bandicoots. The yield of successfully feeding females was, however, was significantly lower (down to 1%). Modifications to the laboratory environments were explored (i.e. lowering temperature), though none of these improved the number of attaching ticks. Factors influencing adult attachment and feeding are discussed. The morphology of the reproductive systems of I. holocyclus was studied. The male reproductive system consists of a pair of posteriorly fused testes, a pair of vasa deferentia, an accessory gland and an ejaculatory duct, The female reproductive system comprises a single ovary, a pair of oviducts, a common oviduct or uterus, a vagina, accessory glands, a Gene’s organ and the porose areas. Gene’s organ was found to develop to become functional during oviposition; it is a retractable bi-horned structure in I.halacyclus. Each horn of the Gene’s organ exhibits three digit-like protrusions. Internally Gene’s organ has six largesecretory lobes.Male accessory glands were found to be involved in the initiation of ”capacitation” in maturing sperm. The glands consisting of a multi-lobular mass of tissue were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The large lateral lobes became orange in colour as the ticks matured and were observed to be capable of movement.The fine structure of the sperm cells of this species was examined by conventional light microscopy and electron microscopy and was shown to differ little from those of other tick species reported in recent literature.Development of the reproductive systems is illustrated from unfed nymph to mature male and engorged female. Reproductive tissues enlarged markedly during engorgement in female I.holocyclus, while in males, the tissues had attained almost the full size at ecdysis.The relationship between a parasitic wasp Hunterellus sp. and some tick species was re-examined. Both I.tasmani and I. holocyclus were found to be infested with the wasp. H. humerosa collected at the same times and sites were notparasitized. The seasonal incidence of parasitized ticks was not consistent with earlier findings in the same general sample area. Parasitized ticks were found throughout an 18 month study; they were not confined to spring and summermonths as previously recorded. Explanations for this variation in data are suggested. This work provides the first records of larval and adult I. holocyclus and I.tasmani being infested. The morphology of juvenile and adult wasps was examined by scanning electron microscopy for the first time. Biological control of I. holocyclus using Hunterellus is discussed.Incidental observations on some aspects of the biology of other members of this unique Australasian subgenus Sternalixodes (I.hlrsti, I. trichosuri, I.cornuatus, I. myrmecobii) were also presented. Cross breeding trials between I. holocyclus and I. trichosuri and I.cornuatus were not successful.The possibility that I. holocyclus might be a species complex was investigated. Ticks from a highland and a lowland area in S. E. Queensland were compared for a variety of parameters, such as engorged weights, pre-oviposition and oviposition times and reproductive efficencies at different temperatures and saturation deficits. However, no differences were found between these populations." @default.
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• W16454860 date "1987-01-01" @default.
• W16454860 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W16454860 title "Reproductive biology of Ixodes holocyclus" @default.
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