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• W1647823075 abstract "This work comprises detailed studies by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence staining combined withconfocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), as well as serial sectioning analyses andreconstruction techniques to elucidate the development of the larval and adult musculature ofseveral basal representatives of the molluscan classes Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Scaphopoda,and Gastropoda. Special reference is given to the shell musculature. In addition, aspects of themyo-anatomy of adult Solenogastres are reconsidered. A further part of this study deals withscaphopod shell morphogenesis and expression of the homeobox gene engrailed (en), in orderto gain insights regarding the scaphopod-bivalve relationship. The results enable far reachingconclusions regarding the evolution and the phylogeny of the Mollusca.SolenogastresTEM analysis of adult Solenogastres revealed a mesenchymate body wall musculaturewhich consists of outer ring, intermediate diagonal, and inner longitudinal muscles andresembles the condition of other worm-shaped taxa. The ventrally inter-crossing dorso-ventralmusculature, which is diagnostic for the Mollusca, is arranged in multiple serial units alongthe anterior-posterior body axis.PolyplacophoraDuring development, the chiton larva undergoes an intermediate stage in which thedorso-ventral musculature is serially arranged as in adult Solenogastres. The concentrationinto seven (and later eight) functional shell plate muscle units is a secondary condition whichtakes place after metamorphosis. Thus, assumptions of a primarily segmented (i.e. annelidlike)character of the polyplacophoran shell plate musculature are rejected. In addition, theanterior (i.e. pre-trochal) body region of chiton larvae shows a muscular grid which is lost atmetamorphosis and resembles the body wall musculature of adult aplacophoran(Solenogastres + Caudofoveata) molluscs. Both, the multiple seriality of the dorso-ventralmuscles and the apical muscle grid are regarded as ontogenetic recapitulation of the basalmolluscan condition which is fully expressed in the adult body plan of Solenogastres. Thisinfers a non-segmented, worm-shaped ancestor at the base of molluscan evolution.The existence of a larval ring-shaped muscle that underlies the prototroch cells(prototroch muscle ring) is a shared feature of polyplacophoran, gastropod, and bivalve larvae(see below) and suprataxic homology of this organ is proposed.BivalviaBesides a rather complicated set of larval retractor muscles, the veligers ofautobranchs (i.e. all Bivalvia except the Protobranchia, the latter with a test-cell larva) exhibita distinct prototroch muscle ring similar to chitons and gastropods. Both systems are entirelylarval and are resorbed during metamorphosis.ScaphopodaThe general ontogeny and especially myogenesis in the dentaliid scaphopod Antalisentalis proceeds much more direct than in polyplacophorans or gastropods. Accordingly,distinct larval muscle systems are lacking. However, the paired cephalic and pedal retractorsboth form additional fibers which project into the region of the prototroch and are lost atmetamorphosis. The existence of a distinct, paired cephalic retractor system, which is alsofound in the basal gastropod and cephalopod bauplan but not in the Bivalvia, suggests a cladecomprising the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda + Cephalopoda. This is strengthened byexpression data of the homeobox gene engrailed, which plays a significant role in molluscanshell formation. While two dorso-lateral centers of engrailed expression, which correspond tothe two centers of initial shell calcification, are found in early bivalve veligers, engrailed isexclusively found in mantle margin cells surrounding the single anlage of the embryonicscaphopod shell. In contrast to bivalves, the scaphopod shell is thus formed from a singlecenter of calcification, and a scaphopod-bivalve sistergroup relationship is therefore rejected.GastropodaPrimitive gastropods, such as the patellogastropods Patella vulgata and Patellacaerulea, show one pair of asymmetrically positioned larval retractor muscles which havedistinct insertion sites at the embryonic shell. Another strict larval muscle system is theprototrochal muscle ring. All these muscle are lost before, during, or shortly aftermetamorphosis. Parts of the adult mantle musculature as well as the muscles of the cephalictentacles are formed prior to metamorphosis, while the buccal musculature is of entire postmetamorphicorigin.The process of gastropod ontogenetic torsion is mainly caused by muscular activity ofthe larval retractors, while the adult shell musculature arises after the completion of torsion.Thus, ontogenetic torsion is regarded as an entirely larval process inferring that thearrangement of the adult shell musculature - which can often be reconstructed by muscle scars on fossilized shells - is not indicative for the question whether paleozoic univalved molluscswere torted or not." @default.
• W1647823075 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1647823075 creator A5027635578 @default.
• W1647823075 date "2001-07-20" @default.
• W1647823075 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1647823075 title "MICROMORPHOLOGY AND GENE EXPRESSION IN MUSCLE AND SHELL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOLLUSCA" @default.
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