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• W166011977 abstract "INTRODUCTION The production and processing of food involves byproducts that may create problems if not handled appropriately. Manure, poultry litter, and process wastewater are major byproducts of raising animals for food. (1) Historically, nuisance causes of action were employed to alleviate conditions related to the inappropriate disposal of animal wastes. (2) Common law causes of action, however, did not lead to the cessation of annoyances and discomforts associated with some activities. (3) In a case seeking relief from offensive odors from a poultry slaughtering plant, the Iowa Supreme Court found that the facility was not a nuisance per se, and that it could continue with its operations if it took certain remedial actions to reduce odors. (4) The court observed that the squeals of pigs and odors arising from chickens do not constitute nuisances. (5) Another case decided that a total injunction of any release of dirty water was too broad. (6) Nuisances could not be precluded unless they caused substantial injury to the party seeking relief. (7) Common law causes of action also generally could not grant relief from a nuisance before injury occurs. (8) These cases highlight situations where common law remedies did not provide outcomes desired by a majority of the public. Because common law was not precluding egregious polluting activities, Americans turned to their legislatures and sought legislative prohibitions. (9) To address water pollution, Congress enacted the Clean Water Act of 1972. (10) The act precludes discharges of pollutants into navigable waters from point sources without a permit. (11) Under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), persons apply to a permitting authority and thereafter can discharge regulated amounts of pollutants into waters. (12) Recognizing that large animal production facilities might be the source of significant pollution, Congress defined point sources to include concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). (13) Pursuant to subsequently adopted regulations, confined animal operations with more than a defined number of animals need NPDES permits. (14) The permitting requirements of the Clean Water Act have spurred efforts to reduce pollution and have presented controversies about who must have permits and what must be done to reduce discharges of contaminants. (15) After learning about the harm inflicted by the disposal of hazardous substances at Love Canal and other sites, Congress enacted the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). (16) This act joined the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (17) and the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (18) in regulating hazardous waste. The federal government was authorized to take actions to clean up, remove, and arrange for remedial action relating to hazardous wastes. (19) Primary goals included protecting public health, (20) promoting the prompt cleanup of hazardous waste sites, and sharing financial responsibility among parties creating the hazards. (21) State common law causes of action were retained, (22) but the federal government could act to protect the public against injuries. (23) Focusing on water pollution, the success of the Clean Water Act in reducing discharges by industrial and commercial point sources of pollutants has elevated the prominence of other sources of pollution, especially agricultural pollution. (24) Agricultural activities that have major impacts on water quality include tillage, fertilizing, manure spreading, pesticides, feedlots, irrigation, clear cutting, silviculture, and aquiculture. (25) Much of this pollution comes from nonpoint sources, and the Clean Water Act does not meaningfully protect the nation's waters from this pollution. (26) In delineating provisions in the Clean Water Act, Congress drew a distinct line between point and nonpoint pollution sources. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, or percolation rather than from a discharge at a specific, single location. …" @default.
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• W166011977 date "2010-04-01" @default.
• W166011977 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W166011977 title "Nutrient Pollution from Land Application of Manure: Discerning a Remedy for Pollution" @default.
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