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• W166329067 abstract "This paper discusses a study that attempted to better understand the tendency to stigmatize help-seeking among Koreans. Specific research questions investigated were: Is there a relationship between individualism-collectivism and tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking among Koreans? Is there a difference in tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking after a counseling experience? and Is there a difference in tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking between a community sample (n=192) and a college student sample (n=151) in Korea? Results suggest that the higher the level of vertical individualism people exhibit, the less tolerant they are of the stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Also results show a significant inverse relationship between vertical-individualism and tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking in the college student sample, but no significant relationship between individualism-collectivism and tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking in the community sample. There were no significant differences in the degree of tolerance of stigma associated with psychological help in the two samples. Implications of these findings for counseling are discussed. (Contains 24 references.) (MKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 1-/Cr,r111VICII I (Jr CULL/1I 1lJP4 Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY oc) TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). Individualism-Collectivism and Tolerance of Associated with Help-seeking among Koreans Sung-Kyung Yoo, Ph.D. Korea Youth Counseling Institute There is a well-known notion that Asians underutilize psychological help. Several cross-cultural researchers suggested that underuse of psychological services may be largely attributed to Asian cultural values that underlie beliefs about mental illness(i.e. Noh, Kasper, & Chen, 1998) The cultural stigma of help-seeking for mental illness has often been identified as influencing Asians' underuse of psychological help. Why does the mental illness label have such a catastrophic effect on one's life and family in Asian culture? Several cross-cultural studies in Asian culture suggested that the collectivistic feature of Asian culture is possibly related to the cultural stigma associated with mental illness(i.e. Kim, Atkinson, & Yang, 1999). That is, in a collectivistic culture, Asians tend to believe that seeking outside help for mental illness will bring shame upon one's family. And the burden to not bring shame upon one's family may result in intense stigma feelings associated with seeking psychological help. The present study is an attempt to better understand the tendency to stigmatize help-seeking among Koreans. Specific research questions investigated in this study are 1) Is there a relationship between individualism-collectivism and tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking among Koreans? 2) Is there a difference in tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking after a counseling experience? and 3) Is there a difference in tolerance of CO stigma associated with help-seeking between a community sample and a college student sample in Korea? Ogl Research participants were 192 Korean community residents (Male=75, Female=117) and 151 Korean college students(Male=46, Female =105). Tolerance of stigma associated BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9 with help-seeking was measured by a Stigma subscale of the Attitudes Toward Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATPPHS: Fisher and Turner, 1970). Individualism-collectivism was measured by the scale of Individualism and Collectivism (Singelis and Triandis, et al 1995). The scale of Individualism and Collectivism is composed of four subscales ; Vertical-Individualism (VI), Horizontal-Individualism (HI), Vertical-Collectivism (VC), and Horizontal-Collectivism (HC). To examine the relationship between indivonnliQm-onlleotivism and tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking, correlation coefficients between the four scores of VI, HI, VC, and HC, and a score measuring tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking were calculated. To examine the difference in the degree of tolerance of stigma associated with psychological help after a previous counseling experience, a t-test was performed on the degree of tolerance of stigma associated with psychological help between a group having a previous counseling experience and a group not having a previous counseling experience. To examine the difference in the degree of tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking between a community sample and a college student sample, a t-test was performed on a score measuring stigma tolerance associated with psychological help. Regarding the relationship between individualism-collectivism and tolerance of stigma associated with help-seeking, the correlation coefficients between scores of VI, HI, VC, and HC and a score of the tolerance of stigma associated with psychological help suggested that the higher level of vertical individualism people show, the less tolerant they are of the stigma associated with seeking psychological help (r=-.16, p<.005). This result is contradictory to the well-known assertion that the collectivistic feature in Asian culture is responsible for Asians' stigmatization of help-seeking. Considering the qualities of vertical individualism, which is more achievement oriented than human oriented and competitive, and emphasizes status difference, this finding implies that people who" @default.
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• W166329067 title "Individualism-Collectivism and Tolerance of Stigma Associated with Help-Seeking among Koreans." @default.
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