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• W166995719 abstract "The atmosphere near the air-sea interface is electrified by different processes. The space charge associated with this electrification resides on three classes of particles or droplets each of which have a different origin and history.It has been shown that jet drops resulting from the bursting of small bubbles in sea water have a positive electric charge. These droplets contribute only part of the space charge found near the air-sea interface and only during times when white water phenomena exist upwind of the observation site.Spray droplets separated from the water surface by the stress of wind action on waves may also be charged. The charge on these drops is produced by electrostatic induction and the polarity and magnitude will depend on the direction and magnitude of the geoelectric field at the point of their separation from the water’s surface. As the electric field at sea is usually of a direction to produce negative inductive charge, we can say that except for rare instances [i.e, thunderstorms) spray droplets are negatively charged.The sea surface acts as a negative electrode. In the region away from the electrode, ions of both polarities formed in the atmosphere by cosmic rays flow under the action of the electric field and carry the air-earth current. Near the electrode however, there is no compensating flow of negative ions leaving the sea surface and the total current must be carried by positive ions. In a simplistic description this produces a region of net positive space charge called the ‘electrode effect’ in the lowest tens of meters. The process is complicated by the existance of aerosol and turbulence in the marine boundary layer which must be included in the complete formulation. These factors determine the vertical extent of electrode effect space charge.Over the ocean the electrode effect and the bubble electrification process both produce positive space charge at the air-sea interface. Therefore special experimental arrangements must be used to separate these mechanisms when looking at the electrical effects of whitecaps at the surface in terms of marine boundary layer parameters.Experiments performed over a large body of fresh water, on the other hand, assist in the differentiation of these processes in that the fresh water jet drop mechanism produces a charge different from that of sea water, while the turbulent electrode effect and the inductive charging of the splash drops remains the same. Alternatively, surf zone measurements may be profitably employed to study white water electrification since the surf can produce space charge which may in special cases obtain values an order of magnitude or more greater than can be expected from the electrode effect process." @default.
• W166995719 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W166995719 date "1986-01-01" @default.
• W166995719 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W166995719 title "Atmospheric Electric Space Charge Near the Ocean Surface" @default.
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• W166995719 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4668-2_21" @default.
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