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- W16826794 abstract "This chapter discusses the endocrine effects of combined oral contraceptive (OC) preparations. It reviews reported changes in modern laboratory tests of endocrine status occurring in women using combined OC. The changes can vary with the chemical nature of the steroids used and their formulation. Combined OC are highly efficient ovulation inhibitors, which act on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus to prevent the surge of gonadotrophins that is responsible for ovum release. As a consequence, the characteristic changes in endogenous female sex hormones are absent in OC users. Apart from effects on the pituitary–ovarian axis, OC also have profound actions on many other endocrine systems. Changes can occur in thyroid hormones, catecholamines, renin–angiotensins, corticosteroids, aldosterone, androgens, insulin, growth hormones, glucagon, bradykinin, prolactin, and prostaglandins. There can also be tissue changes in sex hormone receptors and steroid-metabolizing enzymes. Many of these secondary changes can contribute to unwanted clinical effects of OC, and a major direction in the development of new products is the search for formulations in which the efficient contraceptive effect is retained; however, undesirable endocrine changes are reduced or eliminated." @default.
- W16826794 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W16826794 creator A5065449106 @default.
- W16826794 date "1981-01-01" @default.
- W16826794 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W16826794 title "ENDOCRINE EFFECTS OF COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PREPARATIONS" @default.
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